Water softening system includes water softening tank, neutralization tank, electrolysis tank, and treatment tank. Water softening tank softens raw water containing a hardness component with weakly acidic cation exchange resin. Neutralization tank neutralizes a pH of soft water that has flowed through water softening tank with weakly basic anion exchange resin. Electrolysis tank generates acidic electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly acidic cation exchange resin of water softening tank and alkaline electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly basic anion exchange resin of neutralization tank. Treatment tank mixes the acidic electrolyzed water that has flowed through water softening tank and the alkaline electrolyzed water that has flowed through neutralization tank, and supplies the mixture of the acidic electrolyzed water and the alkaline electrolyzed water to electrolysis tank.

Water softening system includes water softening tank, neutralization tank, electrolysis tank, and treatment tank. Water softening tank softens raw water containing a hardness component with weakly acidic cation exchange resin. Neutralization tank neutralizes a pH of soft water that has flowed through water softening tank with weakly basic anion exchange resin. Electrolysis tank generates acidic electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly acidic cation exchange resin of water softening tank and alkaline electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly basic anion exchange resin of neutralization tank. Treatment tank mixes the acidic electrolyzed water that has flowed through water softening tank and the alkaline electrolyzed water that has flowed through neutralization tank, and supplies the mixture of the acidic electrolyzed water and the alkaline electrolyzed water to electrolysis tank.

A tankless water heater including a water inlet, a water outlet, a conductivity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a heating chamber connected to the water inlet and the water outlet wherein the heating chamber is configured to heat a flow of water received from the water inlet and output the flow of water to the water outlet. The water heating system can further include a controller communicably coupled to the conductivity sensor and the temperature sensor, where the controller calculates an adjusted conductivity of a flow of water through the water heater.

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for generating a brine solution using a salt bag for recharging zirconium phosphate in a reusable sorbent module. The salt bag can be a double layer bag. An inner water permeable bag can contain solid salts and can be surrounded by an outer water impermeable bag. Water can be added to dissolve the salts in the inner bag and the resulting solution can be collected as a brine solution for use in recharging the zirconium phosphate.

A water softening device includes a filter configured to remove hardness from a first stream of raw water to produce a second stream of softened water. The filter includes an ion exchange material which is loaded with a first cationic ion species deriving from a tracer salt and with a second cationic ion species deriving from a regenerant salt. The IEX material shows a lower affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the hardness. At the same time the IEX material shows a higher affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the second cationic species. An electrical property of the second stream is monitored by a sensor. A change in the monitored electrical property can be used as an indicator for the exhaustion state of the filter.

A water softening device includes a filter configured to remove hardness from a first stream of raw water to produce a second stream of softened water. The filter includes an ion exchange material which is loaded with a first cationic ion species deriving from a tracer salt and with a second cationic ion species deriving from a regenerant salt. The IEX material shows a lower affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the hardness. At the same time the IEX material shows a higher affinity to the first cationic ion species than to the second cationic species. An electrical property of the second stream is monitored by a sensor. A change in the monitored electrical property can be used as an indicator for the exhaustion state of the filter.

A water softener apparatus comprises two water softener tanks one of which is always operating, valves controlling the flow of water and a flow-meter, wherein, after a set volume of water has passed through one tank, water is passed through the other tank. The apparatus uses ion-exchange tanks which may be regenerated by brine when not softening hard water. The flow-meter preferably comprises an actuator which moves in a cyclic movement in response to the flow of a set quantity of water and actuates two service valves which send pressured water signals to a drain shuttle valve. The drain shuttle valve then diverts hard water from one tank to another and initiates regeneration of the first tank. A regeneration meter terminates the alternate regeneration of the two tanks. The regeneration meter is positioned in the apparatus of a point where brine for regeneration of the two water softener components is received into the apparatus.

A water softener salt monitoring system includes a brine tank configured for retaining a quantity of salt, a quantity of water and having a bottom, a sensor secured to the brine tank and constructed and arranged for sending a signal to the bottom, the sensor including a receiver configured for receiving a reflected signal off of at least one of the quantity of salt, the quantity of water and the bottom, and a controller connected to the sensor and programmed to compare the reflected signals with preset values, and for generating an alarm signal upon receipt of deviations from the preset values.

A device for purifying drinking water in multiple stages by combining orthogonal purification technologies in one module is described, where the device comprises a housing, a water inlet opening, a water outlet opening, a hollow cylinder which is filled with activated carbon, and a hollow cylinder with a semipermeable wall, wherein the hollow cylinder contains a chelating bactericidal gel or a chelating and bactericidal gel for removing heavy metals or bacteria or for removing heavy metals and bacteria.

A device for purifying drinking water in multiple stages by combining orthogonal purification technologies in one module is described, where the device comprises a housing, a water inlet opening, a water outlet opening, a hollow cylinder which is filled with activated carbon, and a hollow cylinder with a semipermeable wall, wherein the hollow cylinder contains a chelating bactericidal gel or a chelating and bactericidal gel for removing heavy metals or bacteria or for removing heavy metals and bacteria.