Embodiments of the invention relate to systems, methods, and equipment to make lithium hydroxide from lithium salts.

The invention is directed to a urea plant with a high pressure synthesis section and a recovery section. The high pressure synthesis section comprises a reactor, a stripper and a condenser, wherein the reactor operates at a higher pressure than the stripper and the condenser. The plant further includes a compression unit between the condenser and the reactor. The compression unit utilizes mechanical energy recovered from a decompression unit positioned downstream of the stripper and upstream of the recovery section.

Assembly of a fluidized bed reactor for the preparation of polycrystalline silicon granules by chemical vapor deposition of silicon onto seed particles and removal of polycrystalline silicon granules is facilitated without breakage and with gas tightness by a specific assembly sequence.

Provided are a chemical reaction device able to promote a chemical reaction, and a method for producing same. The chemical reaction device has an optical electric field confinement/chemical reaction container structure obtained by integrating an optical electric field confinement structure for forming an optical mode having a frequency identical to or close to a vibrational mode of a chemical substance involved in a chemical reaction, and a chemical reaction container structure having a space for storing a fluid required for the chemical reaction and containing the chemical reaction, the optical mode and the vibrational mode being vibrationally coupled to promote the chemical reaction.

Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and equipment to make lithium hydroxide from lithium salts.

A process layout for large scale methanol synthesis comprises one or more boiling water reactors and one or more radial flow reactors in series, the boiling water reactor(s) being fed with approximately fresh make-up syngas. The methanol synthesis loop comprises a make-up gas compressor K1, a recycle gas compressor K2, two or more boiling water converters for methanol synthesis (A1, A2, . . . ), a radial flow converter (B) for methanol synthesis, a steam drum (V1), a high pressure separator (V2), a low pressure separator (V3), feed effluent heat exchangers (E1 and E2), a wash column (C), an air cooler (E3) and a water cooler (E4).

Disclosed is a urea plant wherein, in deviation from conventional plants, a high-pressure synthesis section is operated with two different pressures. The synthesis section comprises a reactor, which is operated under a first high pressure. The synthesis section also comprises a stripper and a condenser, both operated at substantially the same second high pressure. In accordance with the invention, the first pressure is substantially higher than the second pressure. The disclosed plant particularly comprises a compression unit capable of converting a pressure difference into work, or more specifically, mechanical energy for compression. This compression unit is positioned between a liquid outlet of the condenser and a liquid inlet of the reactor, and in fluid communication therewith. In order to make use of a pressure drop (expansion as a result of a liquid being depressurized), said compression unit is configured to obtain compression energy from one or more events in the urea production process (i.e., at one or more points in the urea production plant), at which a loss of energy occurs, such as decompression of a high energy stream. Typically, the compression unit is thereby configured to utilize mechanical energy recovered from a decompression unit positioned downstream of the stripper and upstream of the recovery section.

A production arrangement for performing a chemical reaction with a standard transport container in accordance with DIN ISO 668 for accommodating a plurality of processing units disposed inside the standard transport container for assisting and/or performing a processing basic operation, and a supply network, disposed inside the standard transport container, for supplying the processing units with material and/or power and/or information. Owing to the supply network disposed inside the standard transport container, the availability of material and/or power and/or information can be ensured over a large area of the standard transport container, such that the same standard transport container with the same supply network can be re-used for different configurations of processing units and, in the event of a modification for performing a different chemical reaction, the processing units can simply be interchanged such that different chemical reactions can be performed with little outlay.

Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and equipment to make lithium hydroxide from lithium salts.

Provided are a method of treating spent caustic occurring in a refinery process, a petrochemical process, and an environmental facility, and an apparatus thereof, wherein the spent caustic may be economically treated by a Fenton-like oxidation reaction at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a reactor in which catalyst structures are stacked as compared to conventional methods of treating spent caustic.