Methods and systems for concentrating and allowing for separation of nanoparticles from fluids use acoustically driven nanoparticle concentrators which have an aerogel as the reflecting material and include tuning capabilities to alter the location at which the particles are being concentrated.

A module for emitting radiations for curing and/or drying curable/dryable treatments like paints or glue applied on products includes a UV LED, emitting between 200 and 400 nm, or one IR LED, emitting between 600 and 1400 nm; a control circuit of the UV or IR LED; a supply circuit; a control circuit of the module; and a sensor detecting the product to be cured/dried.

Provided is a fuel-reforming device comprising: an ammonia tank (4); a reformer (5) for reforming ammonia and generating high-concentration hydrogen gas having a hydrogen content of at least 99%; a mixing tank (7) for mixing ammonia and hydrogen for temporary storage; and a control means (10) for controlling the respective supply amounts of ammonia and high-concentration hydrogen gas that are supplied to the mixing tank (7). The control means (10) calculates the combustion rate coefficient C of mixed gas with respect to a reference fuel on the basis of equation (1). Equation (1): S.sub.0=S.sub.H×C+S.sub.A×(1−C). In equation (1), S.sub.0 is the combustion rate of the reference fuel, S.sub.H is the combustion rate of hydrogen, S.sub.A is the combustion rate of ammonia, and C is the combustion rate coefficient of mixed gas. In addition, on the basis of equation (2), the control means (10) determines the volume fractions of ammonia and hydrogen that are supplied to the mixing tank. Equation (2): C=1−exp(−A×M.sub.B). In equation (2), M is the volume fraction of hydrogen in mixed gas, and A and B are constants.

A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.

In order to provide a treatment apparatus that can efficiently perform microwave irradiation, a treatment apparatus includes: a vessel made of a microwave-reflecting material, and having a first end and an irradiation opening portion, which is an emitting portion of microwaves that are emitted into the vessel; a first filter located so as to partition the vessel, and configured to separate solids that are to be separated, from the contents of the vessel; and a first reflecting member located closer to the first end than the emitting portion is and so as to partition the vessel, and configured to allow at least the contents having passed through the first filter to pass through the first reflecting member, and to reflect microwaves.

A method for operating a food processing device includes an irradiation step. The food processing device includes a reaction vessel and a catalyst reactor. The reaction vessel receives a mixture in a liquid form including a raw material for a food product and water. The catalyst reactor is disposed in the reaction vessel. The catalyst reactor includes a reaction tube and a light source disposed in the reaction tube. The reaction tube has an outer surface on which a photocatalyst is provided, and transmits light emitted from the light source. The method for operating the food processing device includes the irradiation step of performing irradiation with light from the light source while water is in contact with the outer surface of the reaction tube in a period after a reaction product is removed from the reaction vessel and before a raw material is subsequently introduced into the reaction vessel.

A heterogeneous catalysis method for catalyzing the conversion of a first chemical species to a second chemical species includes varying a binding energy of the first chemical species, the second chemical species, or both over time and in the presence of a catalyst. Systems configured to catalyze the conversion of the first chemical species to the second chemical species by varying a binding energy of the first chemical species, the second chemical species, or both over time and in the presence of a catalyst include a sound wave generator, a pressure generator, a piezoelectric material, or a back gate device configured to facilitate the varying of the binding energy of the first chemical species, the second chemical species, or both.

An improved device and process for the production of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) having a novel plasma reactor assembly (105) with a gas and water injector (104) that mixes gas (10) and water (103) to produce gas and micro-fine water droplets (106) and injects same into a plasm reactor vessel (125) between electric diodes (128, 129) to yield a nitrous-rich plasma product (107) which is useful in a variety of commercial, agriculture, medical and industrial arenas.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for converting waste plastics into value-added products, the method including the steps of (a) contacting the waste plastics with a catalyst to form a reaction mixture and (b) applying microwave irradiation to the reaction mixture. In another aspect, disclosed herein are value-added products including, but not limited to, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons produced by the process disclosed herein. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

A method for operating a food processing apparatus is provided. The food processing apparatus includes a reaction vessel that has a space that accumulates a liquid reactant used for a food product; a catalytic reactor that includes a reaction tube and a light source; and an introducing tube for introducing the reactant into the reaction vessel. The reaction tube has an outer surface where a photocatalyst is provided. The reaction tube transmits light. The light source generates heat at a time of light emission in which the light source emits light from an inner side of the reaction tube. The method for operating the food processing apparatus includes introducing the reactant into the reaction vessel from the introducing tube. In the introducing, the reactant is introduced up to a position at which a liquid surface of the reactant is positioned higher than an opening portion of the introducing tube.