Method for transforming a gas mixture into a gas mixture of higher added value, comprising a step of injecting a gas mixture into a pulsed plasma reactor, a dissociation step using pulsed discharges to generate a shock wave between two electrodes to produce gases, and a step of releasing the produced gases to an area where they can be cooled down and/or separated and/or collected. The dissociation step is also designed to provide passive re-ignition of the plasma in the event that the latter is blown out by the continuous stream of gas in the reactor.

A photochemical reactor is disclosed which includes a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber includes a frame, one or more circuit boards each coupled to the frame and each carrying a plurality of light sources, a power source coupling, adapted to power the one or more circuit boards, and a vial receiver centrally disposed about the one or more circuit boards. The photochemical reactor further includes an agitator configured to rotate the vial receiver.

The present disclosure is related to the field of chemistry and provides methods and devices for stimulation of endothermic reactions in gas phase with high activation barriers by nanosecond pulsed electrical discharge. It can be used for, e.g., CO.sub.2 functionalization of methane, H.sub.2S dissociation, hydrogen and syngas production, for processing ammonia synthesis and dissociation, etc. Some embodiments include methods and devices associated with the stimulation of plasma chemical reactions with nanosecond pulse electric discharge in the presence of gas flow.

A method for producing a bulk material consisting substantially of foamed or blown mineral or oxide particles by thermal treatment of a bulk material of basic particles, characterized in that the thermal treatment includes transport of a transversely conveyed or horizontal layer or of a free flow of the bulk material through a radiation field, the substantial active component of which lies in the near infrared range (NIR), and which has a power density of at least 50 kW/m2.

The disclosure deals with system/apparatus and corresponding and/or associated method for an open plasma reactor assembly provided to study pulsed reactive species produced in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in He—H.sub.2O and He—H.sub.2O—O.sub.2 mixture in atmospheric conditions using photo fragmentation laser-induced fluorescence (PFLIF). The objective is to detect and quantify hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide produced in the DBD. An OH laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signal is acquired from LIF (using 282 nm laser) whereas LIF from OH generated from H.sub.2O.sub.2 is measured by from the PFLIF signal (using 213 nm+ 282 nm lasers). A known concentration of H.sub.2O.sub.2 in He serves to calibrate for H.sub.2O.sub.2 while the OH is calibrated with a chemical model. For both gas mixtures, there is both OH and H.sub.2O.sub.2 production in the discharge, while the H.sub.2O.sub.2 concentration was noticeably increased for the added O.sub.2 case.

A system and method produces nitrogen-based fertilizer, which is synthesized from air and water using renewable electricity, mainly from solar energy and low-temperature plasma technology and stored prior to distributing to plants via drip irrigation. The process of liquid fertilizer generation and system description are presented. A glass reactor with a digital 3D-printed end flange is utilized as a reactor chamber. The system and method synthesize a product that is primarily a liquid nitrate (NO.sub.3.sup.−) based fertilizer in an aqueous solution.

A high voltage discharge generating a plasma wave front is disposed within a headspace over an oil-containing liquid in order to create various chemical changes within the headspace, and ultimately within the liquid in order to inactivate various microbes, synthesize new chemicals, speed separation of a mixture, and aid in oil extraction. Such a discharge may be repeated at an optimum duration and duty-cycle to maximize the chemical effects of the non-equilibrium plasma at a substantially lower temperature than for an equilibrium plasma.

The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to systems, methods, and devices for producing materials having desired characteristics using microwave plasma. In some embodiments, performing an iterative process may be used to produce a material having desired characteristics, the process comprising forming a microwave plasma within the reaction chamber, analyzing the plasma to determine if properties of the plasma are within a range expected to produce the desired characteristics of the material; and adjusting, based on the analysis of the plasma, one or more parameters. In some embodiments, an extension tube is provided within a microwave plasma apparatus to extend the length of a microwave plasma.

Examples are disclosed that relate to methods and reactors for recycling a positive electrode material of a lithium-ion battery. One example provides a method of recycling a positive electrode material of a lithium-ion battery. The positive electrode material comprises a metal m having a n+ oxidation state (m.sup.n+). A reaction mixture is formed comprising the positive electrode material, an oxidizing agent, and lithium ions. The positive electrode material is electrochemically replenished with lithium via electrochemical reduction of the lithium ions while maintaining the n+ oxidation state of the metal m in the positive electrode material via the oxidizing agent.

A solar concentrator reactor system and method of use for high temperature thermochemical processes. In one embodiment, the solar concentrator reactor system produces a thermochemical reaction of irradiated particles within an enclosed vessel volume of a solar concentrator reactor. In one aspect, the solar concentrator reactor system uses a solar concentrator to irradiate particles of a particle stream within an enclosed vessel volume of a solar concentrator reactor. The thermochemical reaction yields a chemical change of the feedstock and/or phase transition of the feedstock such as the production of a molten reacted material from a solid particulate feed. In one embodiment, the particles are a lunar regolith and the thermochemical reaction yields oxygen.