The present invention relates to a method for preparing dialkyl dicarbonates from the corresponding alkyl chloroformates using specific amine oxides as catalysts.

The invention relates to a method for preparation of (meth)acrylic acid esters from (meth)acrylic acid anhydrides. The method involves: reacting a (meth)acrylic acid anhydride of Formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; with a substrate in the presence of a first catalyst to form a product mixture comprising the (meth)acrylic acid ester; and wherein: the substrate is selected from the group consisting of: primary alcohols; secondary alcohols; tertiary alcohols; and phenols; and the first catalyst comprises a salt of magnesium or of a rare earth element.

The present invention relates to a catalytic process for the partial reduction of esters or lactones to silyl acetals, which upon hydrolysis give aldehydes, using silanes as reducing agents, preferably triethylsilane (TESH) or 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS), in the presence of novel triaryl borane type catalysts. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel triaryl borane type catalyst compounds of formula (I) which can be applied for the partial reduction of an ester or lactone to a silyl acetal. In the formula R.sub.1, R.sub.1, R.sub.5, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are groups having small steric demand and R10 is a group having large steric demand. The invention also relates to N a method for the preparation of aldehydes or lactols wherein said method comprises the following steps: i) an ester or lactone is reacted with a silane in the presence of a compound of formula (I) to obtain a silyl acetal; ii) the obtained silyl acetal is hydrolysed with acidic or fluoride containing reagent to form an aldehyde or lactol; iii) optionally, the resulting aldehyde or lactol is separated and purified.

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The invention provides ionic polymers (IP) consisting of anions and a polymeric backbone containing cations. The invention also provides the ionic polymers incorporated in membranes or attached to solid supports and use of the ionic polymers in processing of biomass.

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction.

Processes for producing a linear internal olefin product include the steps of contacting an olefin feed containing C.sub.10-C.sub.20 vinylidenes and a C.sub.10-C.sub.20 normal alpha olefin and/or C.sub.10-C.sub.20 linear internal olefins, a first acid catalyst, and a C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 carboxylic acid to form a first reaction product containing linear internal olefins, trisubstituted olefins, and secondary esters, then removing all or a portion of the secondary esters from the first reaction product, followed by contacting the secondary esters and a second acid catalyst to form a second reaction product comprising linear internal olefins, and then removing all or a portion of the linear internal olefins from the second reaction product to form the linear internal olefin product. Linear alkanes subsequently can be produced by hydrogenating the linear internal olefin product to form a linear alkane product.

A compound, having a structure represented by a formula (I),

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and prepared by one pot synthesis of benzophenone hydrazone, 7-chloroisatin, and copper(II) acetate monohydrate, and refluxing in 100 mL of anhydrous methanol solvent for 48 hrs. A method for preparing the compound includes: collecting and placing 0.0235 g of benzophenone hydrazone, 0.6914 g of 7-chloroisatin, and 0.6720 g of copper(II) acetate monohydrate complex in a 100.0 mL flask; adding 50 mL of anhydrous methanol as a solvent; stirring a resulting mixture at room temperature for 48 hrs; performing column chromatography separation, and elution with petroleum ether/dichloromethane in a volume ratio of 1:1, and collecting final component points and naturally volatilizing the final component points to obtain 7(E)-chloro-3-diphenylmethylindolin-2-one crystals. The compound is used as a catalyst for reaction between benzophenone imine and trimethylsilonitrile, and has a catalytic effect with a conversion rate reaching 99%.

Disclosed herein are processes, systems, and reaction systems for the oligomerization of ethylene to form an ethylene oligomer product in a reaction zone using a catalyst system having i) a chromium component comprising a heteroatomic ligand chromium compound complex of the type disclosed herein, and ii) an aluminoxane. A C.sub.3+ olefin can be present in the reaction zone for a period of time, where the C.sub.3+ olefin is not an ethylene oligomer formed in-situ within the reaction zone.

An aftertreatment component for use in an exhaust aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment component comprises an aftertreatment substrate and a compressible material. The compressible material may be formed from a plastic thermoset, a rubberized material, or a metal foil which permits for the selective expansion of the substrate within the compressible material, while also reducing cost and manufacturing complexity. In various embodiments, the aftertreatment substrate and the compressible materials may be formed separately and coupled to each other, or they may be formed concurrently via coextrusion.

A method of making an organoaminosilane compound, comprising i) combining A) a compound comprising a primary or secondary amine, B) monosilane (SiH.sub.4), and C) a catalyst, where the catalyst comprises magnesium or boron, where A), B) and C) are combined under sufficient conditions to form the organoaminosilane compound and hydrogen. A method of making a silylamine, the method comprising: i) forming an organoaminosilane compound by i) combining A) a compound comprising a primary or secondary amine, B) monosilane (SiH.sub.4), and C) a catalyst, where the catalyst comprises magnesium or boron, and ii) combining ammonia and the organoaminosilane compound produced in i) under sufficient conditions to form a silylamine product and a byproduct, where the byproduct is a primary or secondary amine.