After holding a metal pipe 10 using a clamping die 5, a primary formed portion 11a corresponding to the preforming surface portion 5c is formed on the metal pipe 10 by pressing an end portion of the metal pipe 10 with a pressing die 6 in a direction of a cylinder center line C1. A final formed portion 11b is formed on the metal pipe 10 by moving an outer forming die 7 to press an outer circumferential surface of the metal pipe 10 with the outer forming die 7 after aligning a rib portion 7c with the primary formed portion 11a, while moving an inner forming die 8 to press an inner circumferential surface of the metal pipe 10 with the inner forming die 8 after aligning a recessed groove portion 8c with the primary formed portion 11a.

After holding a metal pipe 10 using a clamping die 5, a primary formed portion 11a corresponding to the preforming surface portion 5c is formed on the metal pipe 10 by pressing an end portion of the metal pipe 10 with a pressing die 6 in a direction of a cylinder center line C1. A final formed portion 11b is formed on the metal pipe 10 by moving an outer forming die 7 to press an outer circumferential surface of the metal pipe 10 with the outer forming die 7 after aligning a rib portion 7c with the primary formed portion 11a, while moving an inner forming die 8 to press an inner circumferential surface of the metal pipe 10 with the inner forming die 8 after aligning a recessed groove portion 8c with the primary formed portion 11a.

A shell, a container employing the shell, and tooling and associated methods for forming the shell are provided. The shell includes a center panel, a circumferential chuck wall, an annular countersink between the center panel and the circumferential chuck wall, and a curl extending radially outwardly from the chuck wall. The material of at least one predetermined portion of the shell is selectively stretched relative to at least one other portion of the shell, thereby providing a corresponding thinned portion. The tooling includes a pressure concentrating forming surface.

A shell, a container employing the shell, and tooling and associated methods for forming the shell are provided. The shell includes a center panel, a circumferential chuck wall, an annular countersink between the center panel and the circumferential chuck wall, and a curl extending radially outwardly from the chuck wall. The material of at least one predetermined portion of the shell is selectively stretched relative to at least one other portion of the shell, thereby providing a corresponding thinned portion. The tooling includes a pressure concentrating forming surface.

An end closure for food and beverage containers is provided. The end closure comprises a central panel with a large opening defined by a score line and a safety fold positioned proximate at least a portion of said score line. The end closure further comprises a ring pull tab operably interconnected to the central panel proximate to a peripheral edge of the central panel. Prior to opening the end closure, a tail end of the ring pull tab is positioned over the tear panel. In some embodiments, the tear panel may completely detach from the end closure upon opening.

A can end and a tab configured to couple to the can end and a related method are provided. The can end is continuous. The tab is configured to couple to the can end with a post, which couples the tab to the can end without passing through the can end.

A method for forming a tube coupling includes forming a metallurgical joint between a copper tube and an aluminum tube and annealing the copper tube and the aluminum tube after forming the metallurgical joint. The metallurgical joint has a eutectic region and an intermetallic region after annealing the copper tube and the aluminum tube. The method may assist with improving a performance of the metallurgical joint. A related tube coupling and evaporator are also provided.

An end closure for food and beverage containers is provided. The end closure comprises a score fracture force reduction feature. Thus, less force is required by a user to fracture the score and open the opening in the end closure. In one embodiment, the score fracture force reduction feature is a collapsible form raised above the center panel and having a score line and a coined area.

A can end has a public side and an opposing product side. A circumferential curl is located about a center axis and defines an outer perimeter of the can end. A circumferential wall extends downwardly from the curl. A circumferential, generally U-shaped countersink extends radially inwardly from the circumferential wall relative to the center axis and upwardly. A center panel extends radially inwardly from the countersink relative to the center axis and has a displaceable tear panel defined by frangible score and a hinge segment on the public side and a tab fixed to the public side which has a nose portion overlying a portion of the displaceable tear panel. A circumferential panel joins the countersink with the center panel and has a first panel radius joined to a second panel radius by a short wall extending upwardly and inwardly. The circumferential panel has a bead formed therein.

A can end has a public side and an opposing product side. A circumferential curl is located about a center axis and defines an outer perimeter of the can end. A circumferential wall extends downwardly from the curl. A circumferential, generally U-shaped countersink extends radially inwardly from the circumferential wall relative to the center axis and upwardly. A center panel extends radially inwardly from the countersink relative to the center axis and has a displaceable tear panel defined by frangible score and a hinge segment on the public side and a tab fixed to the public side which has a nose portion overlying a portion of the displaceable tear panel. A circumferential panel joins the countersink with the center panel and has a first panel radius joined to a second panel radius by a short wall extending upwardly and inwardly. The circumferential panel has a bead formed therein.