The invention relates to a compound of the formula:

##STR00001##

salts thereof, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, as well as methods of treating or preventing HIV in subjects.

In making an optical component, one or more portions of a substrate's surface are patterned. At least a region of the substrate's surface is coated in negative photoresist, the region encompassing said portions. The negative photoresist becomes undevelopable when exposed to light. Light which forms a grating structure is projected over each of the portions. Light of substantially uniform intensity over the entirety of the region but for the portions, thereby leaving the negative photoresist outside of the portions undevelopable. The negative photoresist is developed so as to embody the grating structure in the photoresist covering the portions. The substrate's surface is patterned to impose the grating structure on the substrate's surface from the developed photoresist; the undevelopable photoresist inhibits patterning of the surface region outside of the portions. The optical component comprises the patterned substrate.

In making an optical component, one or more portions of a substrate's surface are patterned. At least a region of the substrate's surface is coated in negative photoresist, the region encompassing said portions. The negative photoresist becomes undevelopable when exposed to light. Light which forms a grating structure is projected over each of the portions. Light of substantially uniform intensity over the entirety of the region but for the portions, thereby leaving the negative photoresist outside of the portions undevelopable. The negative photoresist is developed so as to embody the grating structure in the photoresist covering the portions. The substrate's surface is patterned to impose the grating structure on the substrate's surface from the developed photoresist; the undevelopable photoresist inhibits patterning of the surface region outside of the portions. The optical component comprises the patterned substrate.

Compositions, methods, and applications that increase the efficiency of nucleic acid transfection are provided. In one aspect, a pharmaceutical composition may include at least about 0.5 mg/ml concentration of a nucleic acid condensed with a cationic lipopolymer suspended in an isotonic solution, where the cationic lipopolymer includes a cationic polymer backbone having cholesterol and polyethylene glycol covalently attached thereto, and wherein the molar ratio of cholesterol to cationic polymer backbone is within a range of from about 0.1 to about 10, and the molar ratio of polyethylene glycol to cationic polymer backbone is within a range of from about 0.1 to about 10. The composition further may include a filler excipient.

Compositions, methods, and applications that increase the efficiency of nucleic acid transfection are provided. In one aspect, a pharmaceutical composition may include at least about 0.5 mg/ml concentration of a nucleic acid condensed with a cationic lipopolymer suspended in an isotonic solution, where the cationic lipopolymer includes a cationic polymer backbone having cholesterol and polyethylene glycol covalently attached thereto, and wherein the molar ratio of cholesterol to cationic polymer backbone is within a range of from about 0.1 to about 10, and the molar ratio of polyethylene glycol to cationic polymer backbone is within a range of from about 0.1 to about 10. The composition further may include a filler excipient.

Embodiments of the present invention generally concern pharmaceutical formulations and compositions and methods for using the pharmaceutical formulations and compositions which comprise derivatives of benzimidazole compounds, their racemic mixtures, their enantiomers, their complexes, their salts, and combinations thereof which have been found to be novel agonists of imidizoline receptors with surprising life extending efficacies due to their geroprotective (anti-geriatric) actions on pathologies associated with the aging processes in humans and animals.

Embodiments of the present invention generally concern pharmaceutical formulations and compositions and methods for using the pharmaceutical formulations and compositions which comprise derivatives of benzimidazole compounds, their racemic mixtures, their enantiomers, their complexes, their salts, and combinations thereof which have been found to be novel agonists of imidizoline receptors with surprising life extending efficacies due to their geroprotective (anti-geriatric) actions on pathologies associated with the aging processes in humans and animals.

The present invention provides a modified RNAi agent comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand targets an HBV mRNA; all of the nucleotide sugars of the RNAi agent are 2′-modified; and at least one of the sense and antisense strands is conjugated to at least one targeting ligand that comprises two or more building blocks connected to a biantennary or triantennary branched linker, optionally via one or more linking groups.

The present invention provides a modified RNAi agent comprising a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein the antisense strand targets an HBV mRNA; all of the nucleotide sugars of the RNAi agent are 2′-modified; and at least one of the sense and antisense strands is conjugated to at least one targeting ligand that comprises two or more building blocks connected to a biantennary or triantennary branched linker, optionally via one or more linking groups.

The present invention discloses a method for treating wounds and for accelerating the healing of wounds by administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition containing type VII collagen protein, mini-C7 protein, variants thereof or any combinations thereof. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered through a variety of routes including intravenous injection, topical application, or oral ingestion. The method may further include administering a genetically modified fibroblast capable of expressing type VII collagen protein, miniC7 protein, variants thereof or small growth factors to achieve synergistic healing effect.