A low-temperature joining method effectively suppresses reductions in the mechanical properties of a junction of various types of high-tensile steel or aluminum, and of a heat-affected zone; and produces a joint structure. A method for joining two metal materials by forming a joint interface in which the two metal materials face each other at a joint portion and plunge a rotation tool caused to rotate at a prescribed speed into the joint, the method for low-temperature joining of metal materials characterized in that the peripheral velocity of the outermost periphery of the rotation tool is set to 51 mm/s or less, whereby the recrystallization temperature inherent to the metal materials is reduced by introducing a large strain to the joint, and recrystallized grains are generated at the joint interface by setting the joining temperature to less than the recrystallization temperature inherent to the metal materials.

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to multi-material electrical contacts, and methods of making multi-material electrical contact comprising a functionally graded monolithic structure, having a first metal and a second metal, an amount of the second metal as compared to an amount of the first metal increases with distance in the structure from a first surface to a second opposing surface of the structure such that the second metal content increases continuously or incrementally throughout the height of the electrical contact.

A cylinder head cover is mounted on a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine to cover a camshaft supported by the cylinder head. The cylinder head cover includes a cover main body and a baffle plate. The cover main body includes a head mounting surface to be connected to the cylinder head and a bulging portion bulging away from the cylinder head farther than the head mounting surface. The bulging portion includes a recess that is recessed to approach the head mounting surface. The recess includes a bottom wall inclined with respect to a horizontal plane in a state in which the cover main body is mounted on the internal combustion engine. The baffle plate is joined to a surface of the bulging portion facing the camshaft at least at a section corresponding to the bottom wall of the recess.

Linear friction welding is used to join dissimilar materials, namely a first workpiece formed of a high wear resistant material and a second workpiece formed of a base material. A compressive force is applied and a friction force is generated between the first and second workpieces. A solid-state joint is formed between the first and second workpieces. The high wear resistant material can be a tool steel, and the base material can be a low alloy steel or a carbon steel. The composite assemblies can be used for mining wear applications.

An arrangement for electrically conductively connecting a cup shaped copper contact part to an electrical conductor that is made of a plurality of individual wires containing aluminum. The arrangement has a cup-shaped contact part, which includes a bottom and a cylindrical sleeve integrally connected to and projecting away from the bottom with tight contact of the sleeve to the conductor. The cup-shaped contact part is configured to be pushed onto the conductor until the end face of the conductor rests against the bottom of the contact part. At least one rotating tool is configured to be removably placed with sustained pressure, subsequently to the cup-shaped contact part, until the material of the conductor is softened due to the increased temperature of the material of the conductor due to friction to such an extent that it integrally connects to the contact part.

A workpiece for use with a flash producing welding process comprises a revolute body, a plurality of first attachment portions, a plurality of second attachment portions. The revolute body has an axis of rotation. Each of the first attachment portions has a first radially outer weld joint surface, and each of the second attachment portions has a second radially outer weld joint surface. The revolute body comprises a plurality of first and second stub portions, with each of the first stub portions having a first radially inner weld joint surface, and each of the second stub portions having a second radially inner weld joint surface.

Provided are an easy and efficient linear friction-joining method with which it is possible to form an excellent joined section between materials being joined that are of different sizes and shapes, and a linear friction-joining structure obtained through the aforementioned friction-joining method. The present invention discloses a linear friction-joining method characterized by having a first step for bringing an end surface of one member into contact with an end surface of another member to form a joining interface, a second step for repeatedly causing the one member and the other member to slide on the same trajectory in a state in which pressure is applied roughly perpendicularly to the joining interface and eliminating burrs from the joining interface, and a third step for stopping the sliding and forming a joined surface, the linear friction-joining method also being characterized in that the end surface of the one member and the end surface of the other member have different surface areas, and in that the protrusion length of the member having the lesser surface area is set equal to or greater than the upset distance.

The invention relates to a rotatable, plungeable and free path travelable non-consumable tool (5) for production of a channel (2) and a weld joint (1). The tool (5) comprises a shoulder and a probe, the shoulder having a surface facing the material(s) of components (3) to be processed. The shoulder and the probe are arranged to have a simultaneous and synchronized action in the materials of at least two components (3) to be processed. The shoulder facing the at least two components (3) to be processed has a system of scrolls shaped to have an inward action and an outward action on the at least two components (3) to be processed. The probe has a cylindrical or conical surface having a top zone, provided with a profile having a push-up action on the components (3) to be processed in a direction towards the shoulder. The top zone ends at or in the vicinity of a bottom zone provided with a profile having a push-down action on the components (3) to be processed in a direction towards the tip. The tool (5) enables the production of a channel (2) and a weld (1), between said at least two components (3), in one single action.

A deposition apparatus for processing substrates includes a vacuum chamber including a processing zone in which a substrate may be processed. A showerhead assembly includes a stem, face plate and back plate wherein the stem is rotary friction welded to the back plate. A substrate pedestal assembly is configured to support a substrate on an upper surface thereof when a substrate is processed in the deposition apparatus.

A method for producing an enhanced property integrally bladed rotor includes solution heat treating a stub-containing rotor hub forging; water quenching the solution heat treated stub-containing rotor hub; aging the water quenched stub-containing rotor hub forging; linear friction welding airfoils onto each of a multiple of stubs of the stub-containing rotor hub forging; and concurrently stress relieving the linear friction welds of each of the multiple of stubs within a predefined area while ensuring that a hub inner diameter does not exceed a predetermined temperature.