A method of optimizing transcranial magnetic stimulation is described. An electrical signal is applied to a coil to generate one or more magnetic field pulses for transcranial magnetic stimulation of a target cortical region of a patient. The transcranial magnetic stimulation has stimulation parameters including orientation of the coil relative to the patient and intensity of the magnetic stimulation. At least the orientation of the coil relative to the patient is varied. At different orientations of the coil relative to the patient, neuron activation at the target cortical region is determined by monitoring changes in blood flow and/or blood oxygenation, e.g. using near infra-red spectroscopy. Based on information obtained during the monitoring, one or more optimal coil orientations for the transcranial magnetic stimulation are determined. Apparatus for carrying out the method is also described.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, one or more of a body, a conductor, and an electrode may be provided. In some embodiments, a filament may be used as an electrode and may be placed in contact with a biological tissue portion. In some embodiments, a signal may be applied and/or received via the filament or other electrode.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, one or more of a body, a conductor, and an electrode may be provided. In some embodiments, a filament may be used as an electrode and may be placed in contact with a biological tissue portion. In some embodiments, a signal may be applied and/or received via the filament or other electrode.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, one or more of a conductive tip and a base may be provided. The tip may include a channel and an outer surface that approximates a portion of a sphere or cone and may be sized to fit within a user's ear. The base may be configured to be coupled to the tip and may include a conductor in electrical contact with the tip such that an electrical signal may pass between the base and the tip.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, one or more of a conductive tip and a base may be provided. The tip may include a channel and an outer surface that approximates a portion of a sphere or cone and may be sized to fit within a user's ear. The base may be configured to be coupled to the tip and may include a conductor in electrical contact with the tip such that an electrical signal may pass between the base and the tip.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, one or more of a body, a conductor, an electrode, and a magnetic element may be provided. The conductor may be configured to be electrically coupled to at least one of a power source and a detector. The electrode may include a surface configured to contact a biological tissue portion and apply and/or receive an electrical signal to and/or from the biological tissue portion. The magnetic may selected from a group consisting of a magnet, a toroid, a conductive coil, a magnetic powder, and a magnetic fluid.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, one or more of a body, a conductor, an electrode, and a magnetic element may be provided. The conductor may be configured to be electrically coupled to at least one of a power source and a detector. The electrode may include a surface configured to contact a biological tissue portion and apply and/or receive an electrical signal to and/or from the biological tissue portion. The magnetic may selected from a group consisting of a magnet, a toroid, a conductive coil, a magnetic powder, and a magnetic fluid.

Systems and methods for obtaining and analyzing biological data are described. In some embodiments, a local user system may perform steps such as receiving a first message including an indication of a stimulus to be applied, applying the stimulus, detecting a biological response to the stimulus, generating first data including an indication of the detected biological response, and transmitting a second message comprising the first data.

Systems and methods for obtaining and analyzing biological data are described. In some embodiments, a local user system may perform steps such as receiving a first message including an indication of a stimulus to be applied, applying the stimulus, detecting a biological response to the stimulus, generating first data including an indication of the detected biological response, and transmitting a second message comprising the first data.

Systems and methods for applying and/or receiving electrical, magnetic, magnetoelectric, vibratory, or electromagnetic signals to biological tissues are described. In some embodiments, a system including a body and an electrode may be placed in contact with a biological tissue portion. A force may be applied to the body such that the body plastically deforms to adapt to a shape of the biological tissue portion, and the electrode may be used to apply and/or receive an electrical signal via the biological tissue portion.