1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulphanyl)phenyl)]piperazine exhibits potent activity on SERT, 5-HT.sub.3 and 5-HT.sub.1A and may as such be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment, especially in depressed patients.

Provided herein are compounds, salts, crystalline forms, and pharmaceutical compositions that are related to thiobutyrate compounds, such as Compound (1) and its salts (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium salt), as well as methods of preparing the same. Also provided herein are methods of using the compounds, salts, crystalline forms, and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diseases or disorders, such as gout and hyperuricemia.

Compounds of Formula I: and stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 have the meanings given in the specification, are inhibitors of one or more JAK kinases and are useful in the treatment of JAK kinase-associated diseases and disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, rejection of transplanted organs, tissues and cells, as well as hematologic disorders and malignancies and their co-morbidities.

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The application relates to a compound having Formula (I):

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which modulates the activity of EGFR, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, and a method of treating or preventing a disease in which EGFR plays a role.

This relates to the pharmaceutical use of KOH, in forms of topical, oral drugs or intravenous drip, prepared for treating high blood uric acid, especially gout. The external application refers to footbath in soaking solution or embrocation on attack position. The action of the drugs is also to promote the excretion of uric acid. Compared with colchicine and other drugs, KOH has three notable features. First, it takes effect quickly. No matter being applied by footbath, oral or embrocation, it can relieve symptoms within ten minutes, and the pain during gout attack will be significantly reduced. Second, it takes curative effect quickly. After application of the drugs for 2-3 consecutive days, gout symptoms will completely disappear. Third, it has no side effects. In one respect, with a low concentration, the KOH will not corrode the skin. In a further respect, potassium ion itself is diuretic and it has no harm to kidney.

Disclosed are methods for the treatment and/or prevention of gout, comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of anti-IL-1β antibody or fragment thereof.

An anti-gout composition including the mixed extract of Chrysanthemum indicum and Cinnamomum cassia as an active ingredient shows substantially greater inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase than when Chrysanthemum indicum or Cinnamomum cassia is used separately. An animal model treated with the mixed extract of Chrysanthemum indicum and Cinnamomum cassia experienced a decrease in uric acid in serum and in urine. The mixed extract of Chrysanthemum indicum and Cinnamomum cassia is an active ingredient induced from a natural material, and, accordingly, the mixed extract is safe and a source material therefor is easily provided. Accordingly, the mixed extract can be widely used in gout-related industries.

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of hyaluronic acid comprising repeating units of a disaccharide comprising glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, wherein a portion of the N-acetyl groups of the N-acetylglucosamine have been independently replaced with a group of the formula —N—C(O)—(C.sub.2-C.sub.4)-alkyl for treating hyperuicemia and gouty arthritis. Studies show that this composition is promising as an anti-gout therapeutic agent, which combines both anti-inflammatory actions as well as anti uracemic effects.

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of hyaluronic acid comprising repeating units of a disaccharide comprising glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, wherein a portion of the N-acetyl groups of the N-acetylglucosamine have been independently replaced with a group of the formula —N—C(O)—(C.sub.2-C.sub.4)-alkyl for treating hyperuicemia and gouty arthritis. Studies show that this composition is promising as an anti-gout therapeutic agent, which combines both anti-inflammatory actions as well as anti uracemic effects.

The present invention provides a composition and method for treating diseases associated with demyelination of the nerves, such as ALS, RA, Tremors/Parkinson's Disease, and MS, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, Guillain-Barre syndrome, atherosclerosis, schizophrenia, Tremors/Parkinson's disease, senile dementia, Muscular Dystrophy, Attention Deficit Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Diabetes, Neuropathic Pain, Spider Arthritis West Nile Virus,, Fibromyalgia, Shingles, Gout, Migraine Headaches, Post Polio Syndrome, Central Virus Deafness, Asthma, Chronic Pain Of Unknown Origin and Hepatitis C and for treating non-viral based cancers. By administering measured doses of an immunity-provoking agent and a bacterial antigen activator, patients suffering from ALS, RA, MS, Tremors/Parkinson's Disease, and prostate cancer and others realized immediate beneficial results with no side effects.