An apparatus comprises a first induction section comprising a first core and a first coil on the first core. A second induction section comprises a second core and a second coil on the second core. The first core comprises rail extensions, where at least two of the rail extensions extend from opposite ends of the first core. The second core comprises shoe portions located at respective ones of the rail extensions, where a gap is provided between each of the rail extensions and respective ones of the shoe portion. The second induction section is configured to move relative to the first induction section in a path along the extensions. The first induction section is configured to induce current in the second induction section, including when the second core moves relative to the first core along the extensions, to provide a contactless induction coupling between the first induction section and the second induction section.

An apparatus comprises a first induction section comprising a first core and a first coil on the first core. A second induction section comprises a second core and a second coil on the second core. The first core comprises rail extensions, where at least two of the rail extensions extend from opposite ends of the first core. The second core comprises shoe portions located at respective ones of the rail extensions, where a gap is provided between each of the rail extensions and respective ones of the shoe portion. The second induction section is configured to move relative to the first induction section in a path along the extensions. The first induction section is configured to induce current in the second induction section, including when the second core moves relative to the first core along the extensions, to provide a contactless induction coupling between the first induction section and the second induction section.

A method and a system for detecting a pantograph-catenary electric arc based on a train power supply system are provided. The method includes: boosting, by a booster transformer, a voltage of alternating current transmitted via an electric network, to generate high voltage electrical energy, where a high voltage and a great current are generated in a gap between a catenary wire and a pantograph in a discharging circuit with the high voltage electrical energy; and collecting an electric arc generated in the gap between the catenary wire and the pantograph in a case of the high voltage and the great current.

A method and a system for detecting a pantograph-catenary electric arc based on a train power supply system are provided. The method includes: boosting, by a booster transformer, a voltage of alternating current transmitted via an electric network, to generate high voltage electrical energy, where a high voltage and a great current are generated in a gap between a catenary wire and a pantograph in a discharging circuit with the high voltage electrical energy; and collecting an electric arc generated in the gap between the catenary wire and the pantograph in a case of the high voltage and the great current.

To generate a PWM signal, as an on/off signal of a semiconductor switch that constitutes a power conversion main circuit, by comparing a modulation wave command based on an input voltage waveform command of the power conversion main circuit with a carrier wave having changes from a lower limit to an upper limit and from the upper limit to the lower limit for an integral number of times per one cycle of an AC power supply, where the carrier wave has characteristics such that one change time from the lower limit to the upper limit and then returning to the lower limit is constant, and a time ratio between a change time from the lower limit to the upper limit and a change time from the upper limit to the lower limit changes periodically.

To generate a PWM signal, as an on/off signal of a semiconductor switch that constitutes a power conversion main circuit, by comparing a modulation wave command based on an input voltage waveform command of the power conversion main circuit with a carrier wave having changes from a lower limit to an upper limit and from the upper limit to the lower limit for an integral number of times per one cycle of an AC power supply, where the carrier wave has characteristics such that one change time from the lower limit to the upper limit and then returning to the lower limit is constant, and a time ratio between a change time from the lower limit to the upper limit and a change time from the upper limit to the lower limit changes periodically.

An apparatus comprises a first induction section comprising a first core and a first coil on the first core. A second induction section comprises a second core and a second coil on the second core. The first core comprises rail extensions, where at least two of the rail extensions extend from opposite ends of the first core. The second core comprises shoe portions located at respective ones of the rail extensions, where a gap is provided between each of the rail extensions and respective ones of the shoe portion. The second induction section is configured to move relative to the first induction section in a path along the extensions. The first induction section is configured to induce current in the second induction section, including when the second core moves relative to the first core along the extensions, to provide a contactless induction coupling between the first induction section and the second induction section.

An apparatus comprises a first induction section comprising a first core and a first coil on the first core. A second induction section comprises a second core and a second coil on the second core. The first core comprises rail extensions, where at least two of the rail extensions extend from opposite ends of the first core. The second core comprises shoe portions located at respective ones of the rail extensions, where a gap is provided between each of the rail extensions and respective ones of the shoe portion. The second induction section is configured to move relative to the first induction section in a path along the extensions. The first induction section is configured to induce current in the second induction section, including when the second core moves relative to the first core along the extensions, to provide a contactless induction coupling between the first induction section and the second induction section.

An apparatus comprises a first induction section comprising a first core and a first coil on the first core. A second induction section comprises a second core and a second coil on the second core. The first core comprises rail extensions, where at least two of the rail extensions extend from opposite ends of the first core. The second core comprises shoe portions located at respective ones of the rail extensions, where a gap is provided between each of the rail extensions and respective ones of the shoe portion. The second induction section is configured to move relative to the first induction section in a path along the extensions. The first induction section is configured to induce current in the second induction section, including when the second core moves relative to the first core along the extensions, to provide a contactless induction coupling between the first induction section and the second induction section.

An apparatus comprises a first induction section comprising a first core and a first coil on the first core. A second induction section comprises a second core and a second coil on the second core. The first core comprises rail extensions, where at least two of the rail extensions extend from opposite ends of the first core. The second core comprises shoe portions located at respective ones of the rail extensions, where a gap is provided between each of the rail extensions and respective ones of the shoe portion. The second induction section is configured to move relative to the first induction section in a path along the extensions. The first induction section is configured to induce current in the second induction section, including when the second core moves relative to the first core along the extensions, to provide a contactless induction coupling between the first induction section and the second induction section.