The present disclosure relates to a solar cell that includes a first layer that includes a semiconductor and a second layer that includes at least one of an oxide, a carbide, a nitride, a fluoride, and/or a sulfide, where the second layer covers a surface of the first layer, the second layer has a thickness between about 400 nm and about 10 m, and the solar cell retains at least 95% of a starting power-conversion-efficiency (PCE) after exposure to a proton fluence of about 1E15 cm.sup.2 for protons having an energy between greater than zero KeV per proton and less than or equal to 0.05 KeV per proton.

The present disclosure relates to a curable composition for an encapsulant film, the curable composition comprising: (A) a polyolefin; (B) a fumed alumina; (C) an organic peroxide; (D) a silane coupling agent; (E) a crosslinking co-agent; and, optionally, (F) an additive component comprising a UV stabilizer, wherein the polyolefin has a volume resistivity of less than 4.0E+15 ohm.Math.cm. The present disclosure further relates to an encapsulant film made from such a curable composition and a PV module containing such an encapsulant film.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a decorative laminate panel, comprising an outermost decor layer, at least one photovoltaic element for converting the energy of light into electricity by the photovoltaic effect and a core construction, wherein the at least one photovoltaic element is located between the outermost decor layer and the core construction.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a decorative laminate panel that is provided with a photovoltaic function where the photovoltaic function is seamlessly integrated into the decorative laminate panel and cannot be seen from the outside.

A solar cell, and methods of fabricating said solar cell, are disclosed. The solar cell can include a first emitter region over a substrate, the first emitter region having a perimeter around a portion of the substrate. A first conductive contact is electrically coupled to the first emitter region at a location outside of the perimeter of the first emitter region.

A cell module is provided. The cell module includes a first substrate; a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate; a cell unit disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; a first thermosetting resin layer disposed between the cell unit and the first substrate; a crosslinked polymer layer disposed between the cell unit and the first thermosetting resin layer; and a second thermosetting resin layer disposed between the cell unit and the second substrate. The crosslinked polymer layer includes a crosslinked polymer, and the crosslinked polymer has a crosslinking degree of from 35.4 to 67.4%.

A flexible solar panel module is provided having a plurality of non-flexible solar panels, a plurality of non-flexible covers and a flexible back sheet. Each of the non-flexible solar panels has a photoreactive device layer, a positive ribbon and a negative ribbon. The non-flexible covers correspond to the non-flexible solar panels respectively and are disposed on front surfaces of the non-flexible solar panels. Each of the non-flexible covers is bigger in size than each of the non-flexible solar panels. The flexible back sheet is disposed under back surfaces of the non-flexible solar panels and has a plurality of openings therein. A first water-resistant sealant is disposed between adjacent non-flexible covers and physically contacts the flexible back sheet. A second water-resistant sealant is disposed between the non-flexible covers and the flexible back sheet and covers sidewalls of the non-flexible solar panels. The non-flexible solar panels are laminated with the flexible back sheet and regions between adjacent non-flexible solar panels are flexible/bendable regions of the flexible solar panel module.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide: a cross-copolymer in which a residual catalyst component remains in a reduced amount and which has improved transparency, applicability to medical materials and yellowish discoloration resistance; and a method for producing the cross-copolymer. According to the present invention, a cross-copolymer is provided, wherein the cross-copolymer is produced through a coordination polymerization step of carrying out copolymerization of an olefin monomer, an aromatic vinyl compound monomer and an aromatic polyene using a single-site coordination polymerization catalyst to synthesize an olefin-(aromatic vinyl compound)-(aromatic polyene) copolymer and a subsequent anionic polymerization step of carrying out polymerization in the co-presence of the olefin-(aromatic vinyl compound)-(aromatic polyene) copolymer and an aromatic vinyl compound monomer using an anionic polymerization initiator, the cross-copolymer being characterized in that the total mass of aluminum and lithium, which are residual catalyst components, contained in the cross-copolymer is 200 ppm or less.

An object of the present invention is to provide a film having excellent transparency, corrosion resistance, adhesive properties, and economic property. Another object of the present invention is to provide a rubber-containing graft polymer powder to be contained in the film.

Provided is a film comprising: a resin composition comprising polyvinyl acetal and a rubber-containing graft polymer powder having a refractive index of 1.469 to 1.519; 0 to 100 ppm of calcium ions; and 1 to 1100 ppm of alkali metal ions and alkali earth metal ions in total.

A solar battery module is provided with a plurality of solar battery cells which are connected to each other by connecting bus bar electrodes (21) formed on the surfaces of the adjacent solar battery cells with wiring material (41a, 41b). The bus bar electrode (21) is embedded in the wiring material (41b), and the solar battery cell (1) and the wiring material (41b) are bonded with a resin.

A polyester film has excellent resistance to hydrolysis, excellent heat resistance in high temperatures and low humidity, and mechanical strength. The polyester film satisfies a stress heat resistant coefficient f(125)3 and a wet thermo retention (=100S(120)/S(0)) of 30% or more. f(125) is a value obtained by substituting t=125 C. in an approximation represented by f(t); t represents a temperature ( C.) at thermo processing; f(t) represents a stress heat resistant coefficient f at the thermo temperature t and represents an approximation to a straight line obtained by linear approximation by a least squares method of values plotted from a relationship between the thermo temperature t and a logarithm (log T(t)) of time T at which a rupture stress is 50% when t is 150 C., 160 C., 170 C., or 180 C.; T(t) is a time (hr) at which the maximum stress in a tensile test after thermo processing at t C. and 0% RH is 50% of the maximum stress in a tensile test before thermo processing; S(120) is breaking elongation (%) after aging for 100 hours at 120 C. and 100% RH, and S(0) represents a breaking elongation (%) before aging.