Various aspects of solar modules are set forth herein, at least one solar cell having a configured between a first substrate and a second substrate with an encapsulant configured between the first substrate and the second substate to retain the solar cell in place between the first substrate and the second substrate; wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a borosilicate glass composition, comprising: at least 75 mol % SiO.sub.2; at least 10 mol % B.sub.2O.sub.3; and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in an amount such that sum of SiO.sub.2, B.sub.2O.sub.3, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 is at least 90 mol %.

Various aspects of solar modules are set forth herein, at least one solar cell having a configured between a first substrate and a second substrate with an encapsulant configured between the first substrate and the second substate to retain the solar cell in place between the first substrate and the second substrate; wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a borosilicate glass composition, comprising: at least 75 mol % SiO.sub.2; at least 10 mol % B.sub.2O.sub.3; and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in an amount such that sum of SiO.sub.2, B.sub.2O.sub.3, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 is at least 90 mol %.

A method for preparing a solar cell includes: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, forming a perovskite absorption layer, having a first side facing away from the separation auxiliary layer and a second side opposite to the first side and including a bonding matrix and monocrystal perovskite particles, over the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles having first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces protruding from the bonding matrix on the first and second side respectively, and a functional layer formed over a portion of the monocrystal perovskite particles; forming a first carrier transport layer and a first conductive layer sequentially on the first side of the perovskite absorption layer; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the second side of the perovskite absorption layer.

A method for preparing a solar cell includes: providing a carrier plate and a separation auxiliary layer, forming a perovskite absorption layer, having a first side facing away from the separation auxiliary layer and a second side opposite to the first side and including a bonding matrix and monocrystal perovskite particles, over the separation auxiliary layer away from the carrier plate, at least some of the monocrystal perovskite particles having first convex surfaces and second convex surfaces protruding from the bonding matrix on the first and second side respectively, and a functional layer formed over a portion of the monocrystal perovskite particles; forming a first carrier transport layer and a first conductive layer sequentially on the first side of the perovskite absorption layer; removing the carrier plate and the separation auxiliary layer, and forming a second conductive layer on the second side of the perovskite absorption layer.

A semiconductor device and a solar cell each having a bonding structure improving reliability of the semiconductor device or the solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. A semiconductor device or a solar cell includes: a first semiconductor element SB1 including a silicon layer and having a first bonding surface; a second semiconductor element SB2 having a second bonding surface facing the first bonding surface; and a plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 positioned between the first bonding surface and the second bonding surface and electrically connecting the first semiconductor element SB1 and the second semiconductor element SB2 to each other, and the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 intrude into the silicon layer. In addition, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device or a solar cell includes: a step of preparing a first semiconductor element SB1 and a second semiconductor element SB2; a step of arranging a plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 on a first bonding surface of the first semiconductor element SB1; a step of intruding the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 into the silicon layer; and then, a step of facing and pressing the second bonding surface to and against the first bonding surface through the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 therebetween.

A semiconductor device and a solar cell each having a bonding structure improving reliability of the semiconductor device or the solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. A semiconductor device or a solar cell includes: a first semiconductor element SB1 including a silicon layer and having a first bonding surface; a second semiconductor element SB2 having a second bonding surface facing the first bonding surface; and a plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 positioned between the first bonding surface and the second bonding surface and electrically connecting the first semiconductor element SB1 and the second semiconductor element SB2 to each other, and the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 intrude into the silicon layer. In addition, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device or a solar cell includes: a step of preparing a first semiconductor element SB1 and a second semiconductor element SB2; a step of arranging a plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 on a first bonding surface of the first semiconductor element SB1; a step of intruding the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 into the silicon layer; and then, a step of facing and pressing the second bonding surface to and against the first bonding surface through the plurality of electrically-conductive nanoparticles 23 therebetween.

A method for maximizing the current produced by a bifacial photovoltaic solar module including a plurality of cells, each having at least two stacked and series-connected junctions, the module being capable of orientation and including a device for driving its orientation with respect to the sun. The method includes an algorithm including measuring the module's irradiance at the upper face (Ai) on its upper photoactive face, reflective irradiance (Ar) on its lower photoactive face in its initial orientation, and initial current I from the irradiances Ai and Ar, and calculating currents Ijg generated by the stacked junctions from the cells' physical characteristics and I, calculating an optimized theoretical orientation for which equalization and maximization of the theoretical currents Ijtmax is obtained, and positioning the module in the theoretical orientation when an imbalance between Ijtmax and Ijg is greater than a threshold value dIjmax. A module designed for this method.

A method for maximizing the current produced by a bifacial photovoltaic solar module including a plurality of cells, each having at least two stacked and series-connected junctions, the module being capable of orientation and including a device for driving its orientation with respect to the sun. The method includes an algorithm including measuring the module's irradiance at the upper face (Ai) on its upper photoactive face, reflective irradiance (Ar) on its lower photoactive face in its initial orientation, and initial current I from the irradiances Ai and Ar, and calculating currents Ijg generated by the stacked junctions from the cells' physical characteristics and I, calculating an optimized theoretical orientation for which equalization and maximization of the theoretical currents Ijtmax is obtained, and positioning the module in the theoretical orientation when an imbalance between Ijtmax and Ijg is greater than a threshold value dIjmax. A module designed for this method.

A solar cell module, having at least one first module segment, wherein the first module segment includes a first subsegment and at least one second subsegment, the first and the second subsegment each have at least one solar cell string and each solar cell string has a plurality of solar cells interconnected in series. The first module segment includes a first and an at least second bypass element and bypass connectors. These bypass elements are interconnected via the bypass connectors within the module segment. The shading properties, the electrical characteristics and the material expenditure in the production of the solar module are advantageously adapted via advantageous circuit and geometry arrangements of the elements.

A solar cell module, having at least one first module segment, wherein the first module segment includes a first subsegment and at least one second subsegment, the first and the second subsegment each have at least one solar cell string and each solar cell string has a plurality of solar cells interconnected in series. The first module segment includes a first and an at least second bypass element and bypass connectors. These bypass elements are interconnected via the bypass connectors within the module segment. The shading properties, the electrical characteristics and the material expenditure in the production of the solar module are advantageously adapted via advantageous circuit and geometry arrangements of the elements.