The present disclosure relates to neuromuscular stimulation and sensing cuffs. The neuromuscular stimulation cuff has at least two fingers and a plurality of electrodes disposed on each finger. More generally, the neuromuscular stimulation cuff includes an outer, reusable component and an inner, disposable component. One or more electrodes are housed within the reusable component. The neuromuscular stimulation cuff may be produced by providing an insulating substrate layer, forming a conductive circuit on the substrate layer to form a conductive circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the conductive circuit layer to form a flexible circuit, and cutting at least one flexible finger from the flexible circuit. The neuromuscular stimulation cuff employs a flexible multi-electrode design which allows for reanimation of complex muscle movements in a patient, including individual finger movement.

Representative embodiments are directed to detecting neurological activity in a patient. The detection of neurological activity includes identifying cross-frequency coupling and determining whether the cross-frequency coupling is physiological or pathological. When pathological cross-frequency coupling is detected, neurostimulation of one or more sites is applied. In some embodiments, an implantable pulse generator is adapted to analyze neural activity for pathological cross-frequency coupling and to provide electrical stimulation in response to the detected pathological cross-frequency coupling.

The present invention provides a bio-electrode that is excellent in conductivity and biocompatibility, is light-weight, can be manufactured at low cost, and can control significant reduction in conductivity even though the bio-electrode is soaked in water or dried. The present invention is accomplished by providing a conductive substrate and a living body contact layer formed on the conductive substrate, where the living body contact layer is a cured product of a bio-electrode composition including an (A) ionic material and a (B) resin other than the component (A), in which the component (A) has both a repeating unit a of a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, or an ammonium salt of sulfonamide including a partial structure represented by the following general formula (1) and a repeating unit b having a silicon atom, R.sup.1C(O)N.sup.SO.sub.2Rf.sub.1M.sup.+(1).

An electroencephalography (EEG) based brain-computer interface for an ear of a user, the interface having a behind-the-ear piece with a flexible base. The flexible base is shaped to fit mostly behind the ear of a user and has at least one electrode positioned 5 to contact a skin covering a portion of a temporal bone of the user's skull. The flexible base also has a wedge that is shaped to contact an antihelical fold and/or concha of the ear in order to produce and maintain an adequate pressure and contact of the at least one of the plurality of electrodes on a portion of skin covering a temporal bone of the user's skull. The interface is adapted to produce voltage fluctuations measured by 0 the electrodes for determining a brain electrical activity. A system for determining a brain activity indicator using the electroencephalography (EEG) based brain-computer interface.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide an efficient training system by obtaining biological information, converting the biological information into information indicating a mental state, a physiological state, and giving a feedback to a subject without giving a sense of discomfort to the subject. Provided is a biological information presentation system having a garment-type biological information measuring apparatus that includes at least fabric having a 20% elongation stress of 20 N or less, the garment pressure is 0.1 kPa or more and 1.5 kPa or less, and the skin contact-type electrode is provided at a portion in which a garment pressure is 0.3 kPa or more. The garment-type biological information measuring apparatus is worn on the subject, physiological information and mental information are obtained from the obtained biological information, results thereof are presented to a terminal device, and actions are presented on the basis of the results, thereby achieving efficient training.

Microelectromechanical system are disclosed that include at least one electrode, microelectrode or combination thereof, wherein the at least one electrode comprises a carbon material, a glassy carbon material or a combination thereof. Contemplated systems are suitable for -ECoG arrays. Additional microelectromechanical systems are disclosed that include at least one electrode, microelectrode or combination thereof, wherein the at least one electrode comprises a carbon material, a glassy carbon material or a combination thereof; at least one substrate, surface, layer or a combination thereof, wherein the at least one electrode, microelectrode or combination thereof is disposed on, coupled with or otherwise layered on the at least one substrate, surface, layer or a combination thereof; and at least one bump pad, wherein the at least one electrode, microelectrode or combination thereof is coupled with the at least one bump pad via at least one conductive metal. A method of making a microelectromechanical system includes patterning a polymer precursor, a carbon-containing material or a combination thereof onto a surface, a substrate, at least one layer or a combination thereof; and heating or pyrolysing the polymer precursor, a carbon-containing material or a combination thereof in order to form a glassy carbon material. Uses of microelectromechanical systems are also contemplated to measure at least one electrical property in a mammal or for electrocorticography.

An electrode cap contains at least one electrode array and is to be applied to a subject's head. The electrode array contains an insulating layer, two electrodes disposed opposite one another on the insulating layer, namely a first measurement electrode facing toward the subject's head and a reference electrode facing away from the subject's head. A conductive body abuts the reference electrode and is in electrical contact therewith, and is arranged on the side of the reference electrode that faces away from the subject's head. The individual conductive bodies of all the electrode arrays are electrically connected to each other.

Unique methods and bio-imaging systems are introduced herein for self-automated self-operable biomedical devices and methods for bio-signal monitoring, such as electrocardiograms (ECG), heart rate, and other vital signs, requiring no trained medical assistance or minimal assistance. In particular, methods and devices disclosed herein may require no dedicated medical resources, generate diagnostic quality results, and provide for motion artifact correction without inducing discomfort or irritation. Moreover, long term recording is realizable. Such methods and devices reduce the backlog of patients at out-patient wards as well as emergency response in remote areas.

Brain dysfunction can be treated by restructuring neural pathways in the brain. A desired area in the brain to form a new neural pathway is selected. The area receives a sequential combination of (1) transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) including a series of pulses having a frequency matched to a target brain wave and (2) another transcranial stimulation (e.g., transcranial direct current electrical stimulation and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation). The different stimulation mechanisms ensure that neuroplasticity occurs to restructure a neural pathway that is dysfunctional in nature to a new neural pathway that conducts normally.

An electrode includes a core of beryllium copper alloy and a safe metal coating. In some embodiments, the beryllium copper alloy comprises more than three percent beryllium, less than three percent other metals and a remaining percent copper. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a headband, and a first and second safe metal coated copper-beryllium alloy electrode. The headband is configured to fit snugly to a head of a subject in an orientation from behind a first ear, across a crown of the subject, to a position behind a second ear. The first electrode and second electrode are disposed in the headband to contact a head of the subject at a first position and a different second position, respectively, without gels. In various embodiments, the headband includes a chip to determine an analog signal and transmit data; and, a system includes the headband and a signal analyzing unit.