A secondary battery in which convection in an electrolyte solution occurs easily is provided. A secondary battery whose electrolyte solution can be replaced is provided. A nonaqueous secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte solution, and the separator includes grooves capable of making convection in the electrolyte solution occur easily. The nonaqueous secondary battery has at least one expected installation direction, and the grooves in the separator are preferably formed so as to be perpendicular to an expected installation surface. The exterior body includes a first opening for injection of an inert gas into the exterior body and a second opening for expelling or injection of an electrolyte solution from or into the exterior body. An electrolyte solution replacement apparatus has a function of injecting the inert gas through the first opening and expelling or injecting the electrolyte solution through the second opening.

A fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly, a frame arranged on an outer periphery portion of the membrane electrode assembly, and a separator defining a gas flow channel between the separator and the membrane electrode assembly and between the separator and the frame. A diffuser portion which is a part of the gas flow channel, is formed between the separator and the frame. An electrode layer includes a metal porous body which is an electrode surface layer and has gas permeability. The metal porous body has at an end portion thereof, an extension part covering a region corresponding to the diffuser portion of the frame.

An activation and operation mode system for an electrochemical battery for the propulsion of marine craft, in particular for torpedoes; the system being equipped with an inlet valve for the inflow of water from the outside environment, a flow rate regulator of the flow input through the inlet valve, an outlet valve for the outflow of the liquids and gases produced by the chemical reaction, and a mode valve movable from a discharge position, in which the fluid produced by the chemical reaction is conveyed to the outlet valve, and a recirculation position, in which said fluid is made to recirculate through the electrochemical cells of the battery; the inlet valve, the outlet valve, the flow rate regulator and the mode valve being grouped in a single external body so as to define a compact monolithic assembly.

A stepwise-stacked seawater battery assembly comprises a first battery chamber, a second battery chamber, a seawater electrolytic liquid, and an electric-conduction set. The first battery chamber includes a first accommodation room and a first electrode group. The second battery chamber is disposed above the first battery chamber and includes an opening, a second accommodation room interconnecting with the opening, and a second electrode group disposed in the second accommodation room. The seawater electrolytic liquid includes a first electrolytic liquid received by the first accommodation room and a second electrolytic liquid received by the second accommodation room. The electric-conduction set electrically connects the first electrode group and the second electrode group. The structural design that the first battery chamber receives the first electrode group and the second battery chamber receives the second electrode group can simplify the structure of the seawater battery assembly.

A method of forming an integral manifold adjacent a cell stack of a flowing electrolyte battery enables improved bonding of a molten material to the battery cell stack. The method includes defining a mould cavity adjacent the cell stack, with the mould cavity open to capillary openings of half cells of the cell stack; locating a plurality of pins in the mould cavity, with end regions of the pins being contiguous with the capillary openings; preheating the mould cavity by passing a fluid into a first end of the mould cavity and out of a second end of the mould cavity; and filling the mould cavity with molten material.

An energy storage device is disclosed that in one embodiment is a rechargeable battery. The device includes a container within which is disposed battery plates, separators, and battery fluid. A mud well having mud rests is also disposed within the container. The separator can be formed as a pocket for insertion of a battery plate. The separator can include channel features sized to convey a gaseous byproduct of a charging event of the battery. In one form the mud rests define passages, such as an internally formed passage, that assist in the circulation of battery fluid.

A metal-air battery may include a housing, at least one hollow-cylindrical cathode arranged in the housing between an air chamber and an electrolyte chamber, and at least one metallic anode arranged in the electrolyte chamber. The battery may also include an air path leading through the housing from an air inlet to an air outlet of the housing, both of which may be fluidically connected to the air chamber, and an air supply device for generating an air flow following the air path and impinging on the cathode. The battery may further include an electrolyte path leading through the housing from an electrolyte inlet to an electrolyte outlet of the housing, both of which may be fluidically connected to the electrolyte chamber, and an electrolyte supply device for generating an electrolyte flow following the electrolyte path and impinging on the anode and the cathode.

A system for controlling, in a marine environment, a thermostatic valve coupled to an electrochemical type of electric power source, the thermostatic valve being provided with: a valve body; a first fluid inlet receiving a hot electrolytic fluid; a second fluid inlet receiving a cold electrolytic fluid; an outlet providing a mixed electrolytic fluid, resulting from mixing the hot and cold electrolytic fluids; and an adjusting element, which may be controlled to regulate the mixing. A control unit receives a reference temperature signal, variable over time, and a temperature measurement signal from a temperature sensor connected to the outlet of the thermostatic valve; and executes a control algorithm implementing fuzzy logic for generating a control signal for the adjusting element, as a function of the reference temperature signal, to reduce an error between the temperature measurement signal and the reference temperature signal.

The present invention relates to an embedded frame for pouch-type secondary batteries and a secondary battery having the embedded frame. The embedded frame is provided in a pouch casing for a secondary battery so as to maintain the external shape of the pouch casing and additionally protect an electrode assembly from an external shock. The embedded frame has a rectangular shape and makes close contact with an inner surface of the pouch casing. The electrode assembly is housed in the embedded frame. A plurality of pores is formed in the embedded frame.

A metal-halogen flow battery system includes a stack of flow cells, an electrolyte reservoir and one or more of a concentrated halogen return line fluidly connecting the stack to the reservoir, a venturi, a mixer, a concentrated halogen pump, or a concentrated halogen line heater.