A method for generating a heat map from a video may include: detecting objects in the video; determining retention times of each of the objects in divided areas of the video; normalizing the retention times of each of the objects according to the sum of the retention times of the corresponding object in the divided areas; and generating a heat map based on the normalized retention times.

An image decoding method decodes a coded stream which includes processing units and a header of the processing units, and which is generated by coding a moving picture using inter prediction. The processing units includes at least one processing unit divided in a hierarchy, the hierarchy including a highest hierarchical layer in which a coding unit exists as a largest processing unit and a lower hierarchical layer in which a prediction unit exists. The method includes identifying, by parsing hierarchy depth information stored in the header and indicating a hierarchical layer higher than a lowest hierarchical layer in which a smallest prediction unit exits, a hierarchical layer which is indicated by the hierarchy depth information or a hierarchical layer higher than the indicated hierarchical layer. The hierarchical layer includes a prediction unit in which a reference index is stored. The prediction unit is decoded using the reference index.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a communication interface and a processor. The communication interface is to communicate with a plurality of devices. The processor is to: receive compressed data from a first device, wherein the compressed data is associated with visual data captured by sensor(s); perform a current stage of processing on the compressed data using a current CNN, wherein the current stage of processing corresponds to one of a plurality of processing stages associated with the visual data, and wherein the current CNN corresponds to one of a plurality of CNNs associated with the plurality of processing stages; obtain an output associated with the current stage of processing; determine, based on the output, whether processing associated with the visual data is complete; if the processing is complete, output a result associated with the visual data; if the processing is incomplete, transmit the compressed data to a second device.

An image processing apparatus comprising a first processing unit which executes first processing including first development processing on frames of RAW moving images, a second processing unit which executes second processing including second development processing on frames of RAW moving images, and a control unit which performs control to generate, from RAW moving images to be processed, first and second moving images by causing the first and second processing units to execute the first and second processing, respectively, wherein the control unit switches between execution of the first and second processing on each frame of the RAW moving images to be processed and execution of the first processing on a plurality of the frames of the RAW moving images to be processed after executing the second processing on the plurality of the frames of the RAW moving images to be processed.

New intra planar modes are introduced for predicting digital video data. As part of the new intra planar modes, various methods are offered for predicting a first sample within a prediction unit, where the first sample is needed for referencing to when processing the new intra planar modes. And once the first sample is successfully predicted, the new intra planar modes are able to predict a sample of video data within the prediction unit by processing a bi-linear interpolation of four previously reconstructed reference samples.

There are provided methods and apparatus for in-loop artifact filtering. An apparatus includes an encoder for encoding an image region. The encoder has at least two filters for successively performing in-loop filtering to respectively reduce at least a first and a second type of quantization artifact.

Systems and methods for creating oblique-mosaic image(s) for geographical area(s) are disclosed, including a computer system running software that when executed causes the system to create a mathematical model of a sensor of a virtual camera having an elevation greater than an elevation of a desired geographical area to be imaged, the mathematical model having an oblique-mosaic pixel map; determine surface locations for pixels included in the oblique-mosaic pixel map; select source oblique images of the surface locations of the pixels captured at an oblique angle and compass direction similar to an oblique angle and compass direction of the virtual camera; and reproject source oblique image pixels for pixels included in the oblique-mosaic pixel map such that reprojected pixels have differing sizes determined by matching projections from the virtual camera so as to present an oblique appearance, and thereby create the oblique-mosaic image of the desired geographical area.

An apparatus is provided for decoding last position information indicating a horizontal position and a vertical position of a last non-zero coefficient in a predetermined order within a current block to be decoded, the current block being included in a picture and including a plurality of coefficients. The apparatus includes one or more processors, a communication unit, and storage coupled to the one or more processors and the communication unit. The communication unit is configured to transmit a request for a bitstream to an external system, and receive the bitstream from the external system. The one or more processors are configured to obtain the bitstream, perform first arithmetic decoding, perform second arithmetic decoding, derive a horizontal component of the last position information, and derive a vertical component of the last position. A system for decoding and a displaying method are also provided.

Lossless compression of fragmented image data is disclosed. In some embodiments, a stream of information comprising data elements having statistical characteristics is received. An encoded output is produced by an encoder comprising a data compressor that implements a variable length code that is adapted to the statistical characteristics of the data elements. The output and information from which the variable length code can be derived are stored.

Apparatus and methods are described for use with a plurality of angiographic image frames of a moving lumen of a subject, including aligning the image frames with each other. Using the aligned image frames, a time it takes a contrast agent to travel a known distance through the lumen is determined. At least partially in response thereto, a characteristic of the lumen is determined, and, in response to the determined characteristic, an output is generated on a display. Other applications are also described.