Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a piezoelectric substrate, the method including: forming an intermediate layer of Ti and a lower electrode of Pt oriented in a (111) axis direction on a substrate without heating the substrate; applying a coating liquid for forming an orientation control layer made of lead titanate onto the lower electrode; drying the coating liquid at a predetermined temperature to form an orientation control layer precursor made of lead titanate; applying a coating liquid for forming a piezoelectric thin film made of lead zirconate titanate; drying the coating liquid at a predetermined temperature to form a piezoelectric precursor made of a lead zirconate titanate precursor; and collectively firing the orientation control layer precursor and the piezoelectric precursor to crystallize both the precursors, to thereby form a piezoelectric thin film made of lead zirconate titanate preferentially oriented in a (110) plane.

A piezoelectric thin film element having a first electrode, a second electrode and a piezoelectric thin film between the electrodes, wherein the thin film comprises a laminate having two or more piezoelectric thin film layers and wherein a first thin film layer is doped by one or more dopants and a second film layer is doped by one or more dopants and wherein at least one dopant of the second thin film layer is different from the dopant or dopants of the first thin film layer.

A piezoelectric device includes a body provided with a first region and a second region lined along a first direction. The first region deformably extends/contracts along the first direction. The second region deformably curves in such a manner that one or the other side in a second direction intersecting the first direction curves outward.

A resonance apparatus that processes an electrical loss using a conductive material and a method of manufacturing the resonance apparatus are provided. The resonance apparatus includes a lower electrode formed at a predetermined distance from a substrate, and a piezoelectric layer formed on the lower electrode. The resonance apparatus further includes an upper electrode formed on the piezoelectric layer, and a conductive layer formed on the upper electrode or the lower electrode.

The disclosed embodiments are generally directed to optical systems. The optical systems may include a proximal lens that may transmit light toward an eye of a user. The optical systems may also include a distal lens that may, in combination with the proximal lens, correct for at least a portion of a refractive error of the eye of the user. The optical systems may further include a selective transmission interface. The selective transmission interface may couple the proximal lens to the distal lens, transmits light having a selected property, and does not transmit light that does not have the selected property. The optical system can also include an accommodative lens, such as a liquid lens. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

A piezoelectric bulk wave device that includes a piezoelectric thin plate that is made of LiTaO.sub.3, and first and second electrodes that are provided in contact with the piezoelectric thin plate. The piezoelectric bulk wave device utilizes the thickness shear mode of the piezoelectric thin plate made of LiTaO.sub.3. The first and second electrodes are each formed by a conductor having a specific acoustic impedance higher than the specific acoustic impedance of a transversal wave that propagates in LiTaO.sub.3. When the sum of the film thicknesses of the first and second electrodes is defined as an electrode thickness, and the thickness of the piezoelectric thin plate made of LiTaO.sub.3 is defined as an LT thickness, the electrode thickness/(electrode thickness+LT thickness) is not less than 5% and not more than 40%.

A method is provided for making a multilayer functional fiber, where the method includes: providing a scaffold fiber; disposing a first electrode layer enclosing the scaffold fiber; disposing a functional layer enclosing the first electrode layer, the functional layer having a functional characteristic varying as a function of longitudinal position along the functional layer; disposing a second electrode layer enclosing the functional layer; and disposing a cladding layer enclosing the second electrode layer. In another aspect, a multilayer functional fiber is provided produced by, for instance, the above-noted method.

A method and structure for a transfer process for an acoustic resonator device. In an example, a bulk acoustic wave resonator (BAWR) with an air reflection cavity is formed. A piezoelectric thin film is grown on a crystalline substrate. One or more patterned electrodes are deposited on the surface of the piezoelectric film. An etched sacrificial layer is deposited over the one or more electrodes and a planarized support layer is deposited over the sacrificial layer. The support layer is etched to form one or more cavities overlying the electrodes to expose the sacrificial layer. The sacrificial layer is etched to release the cavities around the electrodes. Then, a cap layer is fusion bonded to the support layer to enclose the electrodes in the support layer cavities.

A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric device that includes a substrate, a piezoelectric layer directly or indirectly supported by the substrate and arranged above the substrate, a heater, and a heater electrode for driving the heater. Moreover, the method includes forming the piezoelectric layer, the heater, and the heater electrode and subjecting the piezoelectric device to heat treatment with heat generated from the heater by driving the heater by feeding electric power to the heater electrode.

A piezoelectric actuator of a multilayer design includes outer electrodes that are fastened by means of a bonding layer applied by thermal spraying. For example, the outer electrodes are formed as a woven wire fabric. Furthermore, a method for fastening an outer electrode in a piezoelectric actuator is specified.