An electrolysis electrode includes a metal-doped array of nanotubes formed on a substrate. The nanotube array (NTA) may be a stabilized metal-doped black TiO.sub.2 NTA formed on a titanium substrate, and the metal dopant may include any suitable metal, for example, cobalt. The metal dopant improves the reactivity of the electrode and enhances its service life. The metal-doped NTA electrode may provide improved chlorine evolution and/or oxygen evolution activity for electrochemical wastewater treatment. The electrode may also be useful for water splitting applications. Increasing the loading of the metal dopant may lead to the formation of a metal oxide layer on top of the NTA, which improves oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential.

A system and method for reducing carbon dioxide in an electrochemical cell comprising a first cell compartment, a second cell compartment, and a membrane positioned between the first cell compartment and the second cell compartment is disclosed. The method may include introducing a feed containing a carbon dioxide gas and a feed of catholyte at a cathode positioned in the first cell compartment, in which the cathode contains a gas diffusion electrode comprising a carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave and wherein the carbon dioxide gas is directed through carbon fibers of the carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave. The method may further include introducing a feed of anolyte at an anode positioned in the second cell compartment and applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode of the electrochemical cell to thereby reduce the carbon dioxide to a reduction product.

An electrode comprises an acid treated, cathodically cycled carbon-comprising film or body. The carbon consists of single walled nanotubes (SWNTs), pyrolytic graphite, microcrystalline graphitic, any carbon that consists of more than 99% sp.sup.2 hybridized carbons, or any combination thereof. The electrode can be used in an electrochemical device functioning as an electrolyzer for evolution of hydrogen or as a fuel cell for oxidation of hydrogen. The electrochemical device can be coupled as a secondary energy generator into a system with a primary energy generator that naturally undergoes generation fluctuations. During periods of high energy output, the primary source can power the electrochemical device to store energy as hydrogen, which can be consumed to generate electricity as the secondary source during low energy output by the primary source. Solar cells, wind turbines and water turbines can act as the primary energy source.

A method of producing an electrochemically derived graphene oxide and product produced therefrom. The method comprises locating graphite particles within an electrochemical cell having a working electrode, counter electrode, and an aqueous acid electrolyte, the working electrode being positioned within the electrolyte to contact at least a portion of the graphite particles; agitating the graphite particles within the electrolyte; and applying a potential difference between the working electrode and counter electrode, thereby resulting in electrochemical exfoliation and oxidation of the graphite particles to produce graphene oxide.

An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

Embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of making three-dimensional materials by combining a catalytic material with a precursor material and forming the three-dimensional material from the precursor material in the presence of the catalytic material. The three-dimensional material may be formed on surfaces and internal cavities of the catalytic material. The formed three-dimensional material includes a plurality of connected units that are derived from the precursor materials. The methods of the present disclosure may also include steps of separating catalytic materials from the formed three-dimensional materials and incorporating the three-dimensional materials as a component of an energy storage device (e.g., as an electrode in a capacitor). Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to the formed three-dimensional materials.

An electrochemical treatment of differently protected aniline or napthylamine results in the preparation of unsymmetrical 2, 2-diaminebiaryls provided with different protecting groups. The treatment involves the protecting groups prior to the C, C coupling step. The co-reactants generally have different oxidation potentials which results from the selection of the protecting groups. The treatment also enables controlled access to the individual amino functions of the 2, 2-diaminobiaryls by subsequent selective deprotection.

Novel 2,2-diaminobiaryls having one primary and one secondary amine and an electrochemical process for preparation thereof.

The present invention relates to porphyrins of formula (I): wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.6, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6, X, X Y and Y are as described in claim 1. The invention also relates to complexes of said porphyrins with transition metals, in particular iron, preferably as Fe(III) or Fe(0) complex, and salts thereof, use thereof as catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO.sub.2 into CO, electrochemical cells comprising said complexes, and a method for selectively reducing electrochemically CO.sub.2 into CO using said complexes. ##STR00001##

A system for extracting hydrogen from seawater includes a hollow chamber defined by a cylindrical wall, a cylindrical member within the chamber, a mechanism for recirculating conductive fluid through the chamber, a power supply connected via reactive circuits to the chamber wall to form an anode and to the cylindrical member to form a cathode and providing an input pulse DC voltage during a duty cycle on portion and an off cycle chamber return load circuit connected to the reactive circuits, and an off cycle chamber return load circuit connected to the positive and negative reactive circuits wherein the reactive circuits and the off cycle chamber return load circuit: process voltages returning from the chamber during an off portion of the duty cycle, the returning voltages resulting from an electro-chemical reaction in the chamber without surface reaction on the cylindrical member, and return the processed voltage to the chamber, wherein the chamber releases hydrogen gas.