Provided are an electroacoustic transduction film capable of reproducing a sound with a sufficient sound volume at a high conversion efficiency, a manufacturing method thereof, an electroacoustic transducer, a flexible display, a vocal cord microphone, and a sensor for a musical instrument. The electroacoustic transduction film includes: a polymer composite piezoelectric body in which piezoelectric body particles are dispersed in a viscoelastic matrix formed of a polymer material having viscoelasticity at a normal temperature; two thin film electrodes laminated on both surfaces of the polymer composite piezoelectric body; and two protective layers respectively laminated on the two thin film electrodes, in which an intensity ratio α.sub.1=(002) plane peak intensity/((002) plane peak intensity+(200) plane peak intensity) between a (002) plane peak intensity and a (200) plane peak intensity derived from the piezoelectric body particles in a case where the polymer composite piezoelectric body is evaluated by an X-ray diffraction method is more than or equal to 0.6 and less than 1.

Provided is a method of manufacturing an oscillator, including: arranging an electrode on a piezoelectric ceramics free from being subjected to polarization treatment, to thereby provide a piezoelectric element; bonding the piezoelectric element and a diaphragm to each other at a temperature T1; bonding the piezoelectric element and a power supply member to each other at a temperature T2; and subjecting the piezoelectric ceramics to polarization treatment at a temperature T3, in which the temperature T1, the temperature T2, and the temperature T3 satisfy a relationship T1>T3 and a relationship T2>T3.

An object is to provide a piezoelectric film with good piezoelectricity. This object can be achieved by a piezoelectric film comprising a vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film and having a residual polarization amount of 40 mC/m.sup.2 or more.

A poling apparatus for poling a polymer thin film formed on a workpiece carried by a workpiece carrier. The workpiece has multiple grounding electrodes, grounding pads located at its edges, and a polymer thin film including multiple areas each covering only one grounding electrode. The poling apparatus includes, in a poling chamber, a poling source generating a plasma, a shadow mask below the poling source, and a Z-elevator to raise the workpiece carrier toward the shadow mask and poling source. When the workpiece in the workpiece carrier is raised to contact the underside of the shadow mask, multiple openings of the shadow mask expose only the corresponding multiple thin film areas of the workpiece to the plasma; meanwhile, conductive grounding terminals on the underside of the shadow mask electrically connect the grounding pads of the workpiece with carrier electrodes on the workpiece carrier, to ground the workpiece.

An electromechanical transducer includes an electromechanical transducer film of laminated layers including a perovskite-type complex oxide represented by a general formula of ABO.sub.3; and a pair of electrodes opposed to each other with the electromechanical transducer film interposed between the pair of electrodes. In the general formula of ABO.sub.3, A includes Pb and B includes Zr and Ti. A variable ratio ΔPb of Pb, determined by Pb(max)−Pb(min), is 6% or less and a variable ratio ΔZr of Zr, determined by Zr(max)−Zr(min), is 9% or less, where an atomic weight ratio of Pb in the electromechanical transducer film is denoted by Pb/B, an atomic weight ratio of Zr in the electromechanical transducer film is denoted by Zr/B, a maximum value and a minimum value of the atomic weight ratio of Pb in a film thickness direction of the electromechanical transducer film are denoted by Pb(max) and Pb(min), respectively, and a maximum value and a minimum value of the atomic weight ratio of Zr in the film thickness direction of the electromechanical transducer film are denoted by Zr(max) and Zr(min), respectively.

Activity of piezoelectric material dimension and electrical properties can be changed with an applied stress. These variations are translated to a change in capacitance of the structure. Use of capacitance-voltage measurements for the extraction of double piezoelectric thin film material deposited at the two faces of a flexible steel sheet is described. Piezoelectric thin film materials are deposited using RF sputtering techniques. Gamry analyzer references 3000 is used to collect the capacitance-voltage measurements from both layers. A developed algorithm extracts directly the piezoelectric coefficients knowing film thickness, applied voltage, and capacitance ratio. The capacitance ratio is the ratio between the capacitances of the film when the applied field in antiparallel and parallel to the poling field direction, respectively. Piezoelectric bulk ceramic is used for calibration and validation by comparing the result with the reported values from literature. Extracted values using the current approach match well values extracted by existing methods.

Lead-free piezoelectric composites and methods of making and uses thereof are described. The lead-free piezoelectric composites have high flexibility and high piezoelectric properties.

A display module and a fabrication method thereof, and a display device, and relates to the field of display technologies, to synchronously implement a display function and a surface tactile reproduction function. The display module includes: a base substrate, a plurality of piezoelectric structures positioned on a first side of the base substrate, and at least one isolation portion positioned on the first side of the base substrate and configured to separate any two adjacent piezoelectric structures. A pixel hole is arranged in at least one of three positions, i.e., a position of the piezoelectric structure, a position of the isolation portion, and a position between the piezoelectric structure and the isolation portion. The display module also includes a plurality of pixel structures, and each of the plurality of pixel structures is positioned in one of the pixel holes.

The invention relates to a method for producing ceramics having piezoelectric properties in predominantly aqueous suspending agents.

A material that includes a polymer foam and at least one polar dopant molecule included in the polymer foam, wherein the material is a piezoelectric.