A solar cell is provided, including: a substrate having a first surface including first regions and second regions, a first passivation contact structure formed on the first and second regions, second passivation contact structures formed on the first passivation contact structure, first passivation films formed on the first passivation contact structure, and first electrodes extending in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. Each second passivation contact structure has an orthographic projection on the first surface in a respective first region, and each first passivation film has an orthographic projection on the first surface in a respective second region. Each first electrode covers a top surface of a respective second passivation contact structure and at least part of two opposing sidewalls of the respective second passivation contact structure in the first direction, and is in electrical contact with the respective second passivation contact structure.

Provided are a pre-textured silicon wafer and a preparation method thereof, a textured wafer, and a solar cell. The pre-textured silicon wafer includes a substrate layer and a pre-textured layer provided on a surface of at least one side of the substrate layer. The pre-textured layer includes a plurality of protrusions, each protrusion is in a shape of a quadrangular frustum pyramid, and a length of a bottom edge of the protrusion ranges from 2 m to 8 m.

Provided are a pre-textured silicon wafer and a preparation method thereof, a textured wafer, and a solar cell. The pre-textured silicon wafer includes a substrate layer and a pre-textured layer provided on a surface of at least one side of the substrate layer. The pre-textured layer includes a plurality of protrusions, each protrusion is in a shape of a quadrangular frustum pyramid, and a length of a bottom edge of the protrusion ranges from 2 m to 8 m.

The present disclosure provides a hybrid heterojunction solar cell, a cell component, and a preparation method, the hybrid heterojunction solar cell comprises a semiconductor substrate having a substrate front surface and a substrate back surface opposite to each other, wherein the substrate front surface is close to a light-facing side of the cell and the substrate back surface is close to a backlight side of the cell; at least two composite layers located on one side of the substrate front surface, each composite layer includes a multi-layer structure of a tunneling layer and a doped polysilicon layer sequentially arranged in a direction gradually away from the substrate front surface. The hybrid heterojunction solar cell, cell component and a preparation method provided by this disclosure can achieve a stable passivation effect on the cell surface, reduce light absorption in the non-metallic areas of the cell, and achieve better process control at the same time.

A method for applying an electrical conductor to an electrically insulating substrate, the method comprising providing a flexible membrane with a pattern of grooves formed on a first surface thereof, and loading the grooves with a composition comprising particles of a conductive material. The composition is, or may be made, electrically conductive. Once the membrane is loaded, the grooved first surface of the membrane is brought into contact with a front or/and back surface of the substrate. A pressure is then applied between the substrate and the membrane(s) so that the composition loaded into the grooves adheres to the substrate. The membrane(s) may remain on the electrically insulating substrate. The electrically conductive particles in the composition can then be sintered to form a pattern of electrical conductors on the substrate, the pattern corresponding to the pattern formed in the membrane(s).

An apparatus and system, including a chip including a photodetector, wherein the photodetector includes a semiconductor photodiode and a heater proximate to the photodiode; wherein the heater is enabled to increase a temperature of the photodiode and a temperature sensing device to determine the temperature of the photodiode.

Methods of fabricating solar cell emitter regions with differentiated P-type and N-type architectures and incorporating a multi-purpose passivation and contact layer, and resulting solar cells, are described. In an example, a solar cell includes a substrate having a light-receiving surface and a back surface. A P-type emitter region is disposed on the back surface of the substrate. An N-type emitter region is disposed in a trench formed in the back surface of the substrate. An N-type passivation layer is disposed on the N-type emitter region. A first conductive contact structure is electrically connected to the P-type emitter region. A second conductive contact structure is electrically connected to the N-type emitter region and is in direct contact with the N-type passivation layer.

A solar cell, comprising a silicon cell main body (110), a first transparent conductive oxide layer (120), a second transparent conductive oxide layer (130), an insulating passivation layer (160), and a second electrode (150), wherein the insulating passivation layer (160) covers edges of the back face of the silicon cell main body (110), and at the edges of the back face of the silicon cell main body (110), the second transparent conductive oxide layer (130) and the first transparent conductive oxide layer (120) are arranged spaced apart from each other by means of the insulating passivation layer (160) arranged therebetween.

A preparation method of a heterojunction solar cell includes following steps: depositing a first passivation layer on a first surface of a silicon substrate by using a gas source, a base material of the first passivation layer being hydrogenated amorphous silicon; during depositing hydrogenated amorphous silicon of the first passivation layer, allowing the gas source to gradually incorporate carbon dioxide, and controlling a proportion of carbon dioxide in the gas source to gradually increase with increase of a thickness of the first passivation layer which has been deposited.

A preparation method of a heterojunction solar cell includes following steps: depositing a first passivation layer on a first surface of a silicon substrate by using a gas source, a base material of the first passivation layer being hydrogenated amorphous silicon; during depositing hydrogenated amorphous silicon of the first passivation layer, allowing the gas source to gradually incorporate carbon dioxide, and controlling a proportion of carbon dioxide in the gas source to gradually increase with increase of a thickness of the first passivation layer which has been deposited.