A partially replaceable orthotropic steel bridge deck structure is provided, including a bridge deck laid on a top of a main girder along a longitudinal direction. The bridge deck includes a heavy-vehicle lane, a medium-vehicle lane, a light-vehicle lane and an emergency lane. A top plate structure of the bridge deck includes a first top plate and a second top plate. The heavy-vehicle lane includes a first diaphragm and the first top plate. A bottom of the first top plate is connected to a longitudinal rolled U-shaped rib arranged via a blind rivet. The medium-vehicle lane, the light-vehicle lane and the emergency lane each include a second diaphragm and the second top plate. A bottom of the second top plate is welded with a longitudinal cold-formed U-shaped rib. An erection method of such orthotropic steel bridge deck structure is also provided.