An aircraft wing having a fixed root part hingedly connected to a moveable tip part is disclosed. The tip part is configured to pivot relative to the root part about a substantially horizontal axis, between a load-alleviating configuration in which the tip part is oriented relative to the root part such that at least one of the upper and lower surface of the tip part is positioned away from the respective surface of the root part and a flight configuration in which the upper and lower surfaces of the tip part are continuations of the upper and lower surfaces of the root part. The shape of the tip part is controllably switchable between a cruise shape in which the tip part has positive camber and a recovery shape in which the tip part has negative camber.

An edge-morphing arrangement for an airfoil includes a compliant upper surface and a compliant lower surface that are joined together. An actuator is coupled to a driven surface and actuated to move the driven surface and change the shape thereof, with the non-driven surface changing its shape in response to actuation of the driven surface. The upper and lower surfaces can be part of a sub-flap mounted to a traditional flap of the fixed wing of an airplane. The upper and lower surfaces can be mounted to existing structure in the flap, or the flap components can be mounted to the sub-flap. The upper and lower surfaces can alternatively replace the traditional flap in the fixed wing of an aircraft. The upper and lower surfaces are continuous and can be deflected upward, downward, or twisted in a span-wise direction relative to the flap or wing.

A system comprising an aerial vehicle or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) configured to control pitch, roll, and/or yaw via airfoils having resiliently mounted trailing edges opposed by fuselage-house deflecting actuator horns. Embodiments include one or more rudder elements which may be rotatably attached and actuated by an effector member disposed within the fuselage housing and extendible in part to engage the one or more rudder elements.

A system comprising an aerial vehicle or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) configured to control pitch, roll, and/or yaw via airfoils having resiliently mounted trailing edges opposed by fuselage-house deflecting actuator horns. Embodiments include one or more rudder elements which may be rotatably attached and actuated by an effector member disposed within the fuselage housing and extendible in part to engage the one or more rudder elements.

The present disclosure defines a morphing airfoil having a dynamic flexible anisotropic skin system that is capable of carrying high level aerodynamic (or fluid) pressure loads over a structural surface. The structural surface can morph and bend in response to control inputs to change a lift force without separate movable control surfaces. The anisotropic skin is attached to underlying active and compliant structures. A control system causes the underlying support structure to move to a desired location which in turn causes the skin to bend and/or flex without exceeding a stress threshold and thus vary the lift profile along a span of the airfoil.

Methods, systems, and assemblies for controlling flight control surfaces of an aircraft wing are described. The method comprises displacing a first trailing edge of a first flight control surface towards a contact surface of a second flight control surface; determining a mechanical stiffness of the first flight control surface as defined by a ratio of ΔF/ΔX as the first flight control surface is displaced, where ΔF is a difference in force F applied to at least two different positions X1 and X2 of the first flight control surface at times T1 and T2, and ΔX is a difference in position X2−X1; and achieving full contact between the first trailing edge and the second leading edge when a known full contact mechanical stiffness is reached.

Methods, systems, and assemblies for controlling flight control surfaces of an aircraft wing are described. The method comprises displacing a first trailing edge of a first flight control surface towards a contact surface of a second flight control surface; determining a mechanical stiffness of the first flight control surface as defined by a ratio of ΔF/ΔX as the first flight control surface is displaced, where ΔF is a difference in force F applied to at least two different positions X1 and X2 of the first flight control surface at times T1 and T2, and ΔX is a difference in position X2−X1; and achieving full contact between the first trailing edge and the second leading edge when a known full contact mechanical stiffness is reached.

A bridging structure for a deforming foil, such as a morphing wing, that provides a fluid-dynamic surface throughout foil deformation that forms a curved fluid-dynamic surface with a relatively low drag. A high extent of foil deformation can be provided, with lower actuation force, providing a fluid-dynamic surface with a simple or complex curve in one direction, by providing a set of rail-mounted members that are joined at one end to a deforming sheet. By coupling the members with high elongation, resilient bodies, adjacent members can support each other, while permitting extension, and accommodating curvature.

Adaptive airfoils are disclosed. A disclosed example airfoil for use with a vehicle includes first and second skins at least partially defining an exterior of a vehicle, where the first skin includes first and second pivots, and where the second skin includes third and fourth pivots, a first arm extending between the first and third pivots, where the first arm is rotatable about the first and third pivots, a second arm extending between the second and fourth pivots, where the second arm is rotatable about the second and fourth pivots, and a closeout including fifth and sixth pivots rotatably coupled to the first and second skins, respectively.

Adaptive airfoils are disclosed. A disclosed example airfoil for use with a vehicle includes first and second skins at least partially defining an exterior of a vehicle, where the first skin includes first and second pivots, and where the second skin includes third and fourth pivots, a first arm extending between the first and third pivots, where the first arm is rotatable about the first and third pivots, a second arm extending between the second and fourth pivots, where the second arm is rotatable about the second and fourth pivots, and a closeout including fifth and sixth pivots rotatably coupled to the first and second skins, respectively.