Materials which react with (“scavenge”) sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, are useful for limiting sulfur-induced corrosion. Surface-modified particles incorporating a hexahydrotriazine moiety are disclosed and used as sulfur scavengers. These surface-modified particles are used a filter media in fixed filter systems and as additives to fluids including sulfur compounds. The hexahydrotriazine moiety can react with sulfur compounds in such a manner as to bind sulfur atoms to the surface-modified particles, thus allowing removal of the sulfur atoms from fluids such as crude oil, natural gas, hydrocarbon combustion exhaust gases, sulfur polluted air and water. The surface-modified particles may, in general, be sized to allow separation of the particles from the process fluid by sedimentation, size-exclusion filtration or the like.

An object of the present invention is to provide a hydrogen sulfide production method enabling efficient recovery of sulfur. The production method is a method for producing hydrogen sulfide from sulfur and hydrogen comprising (1) a reaction step of reacting sulfur and hydrogen to obtain a crude hydrogen sulfide gas, (2) a purification step of purifying the crude hydrogen sulfide gas by bringing the crude hydrogen sulfide gas into contact with aliphatic lower alcohol in a packed tower to precipitate sulfur contained in the crude hydrogen sulfide gas, (3) a discharge step of discharging from inside the packed tower a suspension of sulfur in aliphatic lower alcohol obtained in the purification step, and (4) a filtration step of filtering the aliphatic lower alcohol suspension of sulfur with a filter to obtain a sulfur cake, and the filter 20 is a rotary filter 22 or a leaf filter.

An object of the present invention is to provide a hydrogen sulfide production method enabling efficient recovery of sulfur. The production method is a method for producing hydrogen sulfide from sulfur and hydrogen comprising (1) a reaction step of reacting sulfur and hydrogen to obtain a crude hydrogen sulfide gas, (2) a purification step of purifying the crude hydrogen sulfide gas by bringing the crude hydrogen sulfide gas into contact with aliphatic lower alcohol in a packed tower to precipitate sulfur contained in the crude hydrogen sulfide gas, (3) a discharge step of discharging from inside the packed tower a suspension of sulfur in aliphatic lower alcohol obtained in the purification step, and (4) a filtration step of filtering the aliphatic lower alcohol suspension of sulfur with a filter to obtain a sulfur cake, and the filter 20 is a rotary filter 22 or a leaf filter.

Systems and methods for sulfur-compound removal from hydrocarbon liquids may include at least one tank defining a chamber with top and bottom ends, a gas inlet into the chamber, a gas outlet from the chamber, a fluid inlet into the chamber, and a fluid outlet from the chamber. A fluid circulation assembly creates a hydrocarbon liquid flow on a liquid path, and a gas circulation assembly circulates a gas flow along a gas path. The gas inlet and outlet and the fluid inlet and outlet of the tank may be arranged to create a crossflow and counterflow of the liquid and gas flows in the chamber of the tank such that sulfur-containing compounds are transferred from the liquid to the gas flow. A gas processor assembly may remove sulfur-containing compounds from the gas flow before recirculating the gas flow. The gas flow may be predominantly nitrogen (N2) gas.

The invention relates to a process for removal of metal carbonyls from crude synthesis gas in a gas scrubbing process with a physical scrubbing medium. Scrubbing medium laden with hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) and metal carbonyls is sent to a treatment vessel having a residence time region and a scrubbing region. Metal carbonyls are precipitated from the laden scrubbing medium as metal sulfides in the residence time region. The scrubbing region is supplied with a regenerated scrubbing medium. According to the invention it is provided that the residence time region and the scrubbing region are separated from one another by a gas-permeable tray, a regenerated scrubbing medium-comprising liquid layer adjacent to the gas-permeable tray is formed in the scrubbing region, metal carbonyls outgassing from the residence time region pass through the gas-permeable tray and are absorbed by regenerated scrubbing medium in the scrubbing region, wherein scrubbing medium comprising metal carbonyls is obtained and metal carbonyls outgassing from the residence time region are cooled by the liquid layer. The invention further relates to a treatment vessel, to the use of the process, treatment vessel or apparatus according to the invention in a gas scrubbing process with methanol as the physical scrubbing medium and to the use of the treatment vessel in a process according to the invention.

The invention relates to a process for removal of metal carbonyls from crude synthesis gas in a gas scrubbing process with a physical scrubbing medium. Scrubbing medium laden with hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) and metal carbonyls is sent to a treatment vessel having a residence time region and a scrubbing region. Metal carbonyls are precipitated from the laden scrubbing medium as metal sulfides in the residence time region. The scrubbing region is supplied with a regenerated scrubbing medium. According to the invention it is provided that the residence time region and the scrubbing region are separated from one another by a gas-permeable tray, a regenerated scrubbing medium-comprising liquid layer adjacent to the gas-permeable tray is formed in the scrubbing region, metal carbonyls outgassing from the residence time region pass through the gas-permeable tray and are absorbed by regenerated scrubbing medium in the scrubbing region, wherein scrubbing medium comprising metal carbonyls is obtained and metal carbonyls outgassing from the residence time region are cooled by the liquid layer. The invention further relates to a treatment vessel, to the use of the process, treatment vessel or apparatus according to the invention in a gas scrubbing process with methanol as the physical scrubbing medium and to the use of the treatment vessel in a process according to the invention.

A carbon reduction assembly adapted for use with wet and dry coal combustion products (“CCPs”). The assembly includes a direct-fired carbon reduction section having a dry material inlet device that is adapted to receive the dry CCPs and a direct-fired carbon reduction section burner unit that is adapted to reduce carbon content in the dry CCPs. The assembly also includes a direct-fired dryer section that is operatively connected with the direct-fired carbon reduction section and has a wet material inlet device that is adapted to receive the wet CCPs and a direct-fired dryer section drum that is adapted to dry the wet CCPs. The assembly further includes a control unit that is operatively connected with the carbon reduction section and the dryer section. An amount of hot gas generated by the carbon reduction section is conveyed to the dryer section, and the assembly is adapted to produce dry fly ash.

A carbon reduction assembly adapted for use with wet and dry coal combustion products (“CCPs”). The assembly includes a direct-fired carbon reduction section having a dry material inlet device that is adapted to receive the dry CCPs and a direct-fired carbon reduction section burner unit that is adapted to reduce carbon content in the dry CCPs. The assembly also includes a direct-fired dryer section that is operatively connected with the direct-fired carbon reduction section and has a wet material inlet device that is adapted to receive the wet CCPs and a direct-fired dryer section drum that is adapted to dry the wet CCPs. The assembly further includes a control unit that is operatively connected with the carbon reduction section and the dryer section. An amount of hot gas generated by the carbon reduction section is conveyed to the dryer section, and the assembly is adapted to produce dry fly ash.

A system and method for processing unconditioned syngas first removes solids and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), then removes volatile organic compounds (VOC), and then removes at least one sulfur containing compound from the syngas. Additional processing may be performed depending on such factors as the source of syngas being processed, the products, byproducts and intermediate products desired to be formed, captured or recycled and environmental considerations.

A system and method for processing unconditioned syngas first removes solids and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), then removes volatile organic compounds (VOC), and then removes at least one sulfur containing compound from the syngas. Additional processing may be performed depending on such factors as the source of syngas being processed, the products, byproducts and intermediate products desired to be formed, captured or recycled and environmental considerations.