A system for performing a gas-liquid mass transfer includes a container bounding a compartment and having a top wall, a bottom wall, and an encircling sidewall extending therebetween. A tube has a first end and an opposing second end, the first end of the tube being disposed within the compartment of the container. A nozzle is disposed within the compartment of the container and has at least one outlet, the nozzle being coupled with the tube so that a gas can be passed through the tube and out the at least one outlet of the nozzle. The nozzle is sufficiently buoyant so that when a fluid is disposed within the compartment of the container, the nozzle floats on the fluid.

A method and system are used to enhance a marker material to include a plurality of air bubbles. The method of manufacturing a marker includes enhancing a marker material to include a plurality of air bubbles using at least a first EFD and a second EFD. The method may include cycling repeatedly through a transfer process between a first container and a second container. A system for enhancing a marker material includes a transfer apparatus configured to receive a marker material and a selected amount of air. The system comprises a first EFD coupled to a first end of the transfer apparatus and a second EFD coupled to a second end of the transfer apparatus.

Provided are: a method of producing heated ozone water, the method capable of producing heated ozone water having an extremely high ozone concentration by suppressing a reduction in the ozone concentration in high-concentration heated ozone water; heated ozone water; and a semiconductor wafer-cleaning liquid using the heated ozone water. A method of producing heated ozone water obtained by dissolving ozone in pure water, the method being characterized by including: adjusting a pH of the pure water to 3 or less by adding acid to the pure water; to obtain an acid water, dissolving an ozone gas in the acid water; and heating the pure water, the acid water or the ozone water, to 60° C. or more.

The present disclosure provides an ink composition and a method for preparing an ink composition. The ink composition includes following compositions in parts by weight salt solution in an amount ranging from 500-1000 parts; iron filings in an amount ranging from 20-30 parts; hydrogen chloride in an amount ranging from 2-5 parts; deionized water in an amount ranging from 40-50 parts; monoglyceride stearate in an amount ranging from 1-2 parts; monolauryl phosphate and polydimethylsiloxane in an amount ranging from 5-10 parts; methacrylate in an amount ranging from 5-10 parts; thermoplastic acrylic resin in an amount ranging from 5-10 parts; sodium dioctyl succinate sulfonate in an amount ranging from 2-5 parts; sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in an amount ranging from 2-5 parts; polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether in an amount ranging from 3-8 parts; and isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate in an amount ranging from 0.5-1 parts.

Described herein is an example of a nozzle that can include a metal tip having a first end and a second end. The metal tip can also define a conduit extending from the first end towards the second end. The conduit can include a first portion and a second portion. The first portion of the conduit is defined by at least one first interior surface of the metal tip extending from the first end. The first portion of the conduit can exhibit a substantially constant diameter and a first length. The second portion of the conduit is defined by at least one second interior surface of the metal tip extending from the first portion for a second length. The second portion can exhibit a diameter that generally increases with distance from the first portion and can exhibit a generally truncated conical shape exhibiting an open angle.

Conventional ozone water is still insufficient in the removal rate and cleaning ability of resist required in today's semiconductor manufacturing field, and it does not fully meet the expectation of further improvement in the effects of sterilization, deodorization, and cleaning in the fields such as cleaning of foodstuffs, cleaning of process equipment and tools, and cleaning of fingers, as well as in the fields such as deodorization, sterilization, and preservation of freshness of foodstuffs. The above problem can be solved by defining the values of a plurality of specific production parameters in the production of ozone water into specific ranges.

Provided is an ultrafine bubble generating method and an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus capable of efficiently generating a UFB-containing liquid with high purity. To this end, a flow passage inner volume is varied by using a flow passage inner volume varying element, the liquid is pressurized such that the liquid passes through a narrow portion at high speed and flows into a depressurizing area.

An apparatus for producing nano-bubbles in a moving liquid carrier includes a conduit through which a liquid carrier can flow, a gas diffuser disposed on an inner surface of the conduit, and a funnel comprising: (i) a first open end having a first cross-sectional area that receives a moving liquid carrier; (ii) a second open end opposite the first open end defining a second cross-sectional area smaller than the first cross-sectional area and fluidly coupled to the opening of the conduit; and (iii) a wall extending from the first open end to the second open end. The funnel is configured to create turbulent flow above the turbulent threshold in the absence of external energy that allows the liquid carrier to shear gas from the outer surface of the diffuser, thereby forming nano-bubbles in the liquid carrier.

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an integrated structure using microbubbles, and an integrated structure manufactured by the method.

The present disclosure provides an ink composition and a method for preparing an ink composition. The ink composition includes following compositions in parts by weight salt solution in an amount ranging from 500-1000 parts; iron filings in an amount ranging from 20-30 parts; hydrogen chloride in an amount ranging from 2-5 parts; deionized water in an amount ranging from 40-50 parts; monoglyceride stearate in an amount ranging from 1-2 parts; monolauryl phosphate and polydimethylsiloxane in an amount ranging from 5-10 parts; methacrylate in an amount ranging from 5-10 parts; thermoplastic acrylic resin in an amount ranging from 5-10 parts; sodium dioctyl succinate sulfonate in an amount ranging from 2-5 parts; sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate in an amount ranging from 2-5 parts; polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether in an amount ranging from 3-8 parts; and isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate in an amount ranging from 0.5-1 parts.