A method of producing a cycloalkanone oxime by a photochemical reaction of a cycloalkane with a photo nitrosating agent in a liquid by light irradiation includes irradiating the liquid with a light source configured to emit light satisfying conditions that, in an emission energy distribution with respect to wavelength of light, a wavelength providing a maximum value of emission energy is 550 nm to 700 nm and a continuous wavelength range including the wavelength providing the maximum value and outputting energy of or over 5% of the maximum value is equal to or less than 150 nm, wherein a ratio E/V of a light irradiation energy E out of electric power E input into the light source to a reaction volume V which is a volume of a space for the photochemical reaction of the cycloalkane with the photo nitrosating agent is equal to or greater than 5.5 w/L.

A light source module is adapted to perform a light irradiation process on an object. The light source module includes a transparent cover, a reflector and a light emitting unit. The reflector covers the transparent cover, and the reflector and the transparent cover define a containing space. The light emitting unit is disposed inside the containing space. A perpendicular working distance from the transparent cover to the object is WD, a semi-minor axis of the reflector is A, and a semi-major axis of the reflector is B, wherein WD=2A-3 to 3.5A-3, and B=2A to 2.5A.

Disclosed is a method of producing hydrogen from formaldehyde, the method comprising obtaining an aqueous mixture having a basic pH and comprising formaldehyde, an iron containing photocatalyst, and a base, and subjecting the aqueous mixture to light to produce hydrogen (H.sub.2) gas from the formaldehyde.

A helical photoreactor includes a lamp module and a tube coil, which has a plurality of tube windings between an input section and an output section. The tube coil is arranged around the lamp module. The helical photoreactor has a carrier device, which carries the tube coil, and a protective housing, which surrounds a receiving space, in which the carrier device with the tube coil and the lamp module are arranged. The carrier device provides a predetermined positioning of the tube coil with respect to the lamp module and the protective housing. An elongated guide element, on which an engagement element is arranged so as to be capable of being guided in a longitudinally movable manner and so as to be capable of being positioned. The elongated guide element specifies the positioning of the carrier device with the tube coil by the engagement element guided on the elongated guide element.

Disclosed are a liquid crystal elastomer precursor solution material and a photopolymerization apparatus for preparing a liquid crystal elastomer with the solution material, in which the liquid crystal elastomer precursor solution material includes photocurable reactive mesogen, EDDET (2,2-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol), and 5CB (4-cyano-4-pentylbiphenyl).

Systems and methods for producing nitrates, nitric acid, salts thereof, or a mixture thereof are disclosed. The systems may include a feed conduit configured for receiving a feed stream comprising molecular oxygen and molecular nitrogen; an inlet conduit configured for receiving an inlet stream; a plasma reactor fluidically coupled to the inlet conduit, the plasma reactor fluidically coupled to a reactor-outlet conduit configured for receiving the reactor-outlet stream, the plasma reactor configured to produce oxidized nitrogen species; and an absorber fluidically coupled to the reactor-outlet conduit, the absorber configured to receive the reactor outlet stream and to produce nitrates, nitrites, nitric acid, salts thereof, or a mixture thereof from the reactor outlet stream. A recycle conduit may be fluidically coupled to the absorber and the inlet conduit, wherein the recycle conduit is configured to receive the gas-phase stream from the absorber and provide the gas-phase stream to the inlet conduit.

Disclosed is an LED light source photocatalytic tubular reactor and application thereof. The LED light source photocatalytic tubular reactor comprises an LED light source, a temperature control chamber and a transparent reaction pipeline; the transparent reaction pipeline is located in the temperature control chamber; at least one side of the temperature control chamber is a light-transmitting plate; the LED light source provides a light source for the transparent reaction pipeline through the light-transmitting plate; and the transparent reaction pipeline has a diameter-to-length ratio of the inner diameter to the length of 0-0.1, but not 0. The LED light source continuous photocatalytic tubular reactor of the present disclosure can eliminate the scaling up effect, increase the yield and allow continuous production with an advantage of easy to use and low cost. The tubular reaction device of the present disclosure can also realize automatic control, which can effectively reduce personnel costs and improve production safety.

Structures of a particle containing a core and at least one shell, a metal oxide material of which is necessarily doped to ensure protection of a material of the core from photodegradation. The core can include any of a thermochromic material, a phase-change material, and a judiciously defined auxiliary material that in turn contains organic and/or polymeric material. Derivative products utilizing a plurality of such particles. Methodologies for producing such particles and derivative products.

A helical photoreactor includes a lamp module and a tube coil, which has a plurality of tube windings between an input section and an output section. The tube coil is arranged around the lamp module. The helical photoreactor has a carrier device, which carries the tube coil, and a protective housing, which surrounds a receiving space, in which the carrier device with the tube coil and the lamp module are arranged. The carrier device provides a predetermined positioning of the tube coil with respect to the lamp module and the protective housing. An elongated guide element, on which an engagement element is arranged so as to be capable of being guided in a longitudinally movable manner and so as to be capable of being positioned. The elongated guide element specifies the positioning of the carrier device with the tube coil by the engagement element guided on the elongated guide element.

A reactor device comprises a reaction vessel for receiving at least one medium, wherein the reactor device comprises an external irradiation unit that is arranged outside the reaction vessel, with at least one external radiation element, for an irradiation of the medium within the reaction vessel.