A fluid flow-through device and a photochemical reactor. The fluid flow-through device (1) includes an outer tube (2) having an outer surface (21) and an inner surface (22); and an inner tube (3) having an outer surface (31) and an inner surface (32), the inner tube being disposed inside the outer tube and forming a channel of a fluid by the inner surface of the outer tube and the outer surface, with a distance between the inner surface of the outer tube and the outer surface of the inner tube in a thickness direction of the outer tube being from 100 nm to 5 mm. The photochemical reactor includes the fluid flow-through device and a photocatalyst disposed on at least one surface of the inner surface of the outer tube and the outer surface of the inner tube.

Methods are described and related devices, compositions, and systems, in which a caged compound is administered to a biological environment, the caged compound being caged with a long wavelength absorber, the long wavelength being a wavelength greater than or equal to 750 nm; and irradiating the biological environment to excite the long wavelength absorber with light at a wavelength in a range from 900-1100 nm, thus decaging the compound.

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of symmetrical or asymmetrical dialkyl disulphides by involving at least one mixture of symmetrical and/or asymmetrical dialkyl disulphides in a basic and/or photochemical catalytic reaction, with joint extraction, preferably continuously, of the symmetrical and/or asymmetrical disulphide(s) which it is desired to obtain. The process of the invention is particularly suited to the preparation of dimethyl disulphide or diethyl disulphide from a mixture of symmetrical and/or asymmetrical dialkyl disulphides.

An example of a nitric oxide (NO) releasing film includes a substrate; an NO donor film attached to the substrate; and an NO permeable and light transparent film positioned on the NO donor film. The NO donor film includes a polymer matrix selected from the group consisting of a non-UV curable polyurethane, polyvinyl butyral, polystyrene, copolymers of styrene, block copolymers of styrene, poly(ethersulfone), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), and combinations thereof; and solid, light sensitive NO donor particles distributed throughout the polymer matrix. The solid, light sensitive NO donor particles have a volume-weighted mean diameter of 50 m or less. In one example, the NO donor film further includes an additive, such as NO.sub.2 scrubber particles, a radical stabilizer, dispersant, and/or an anti-skinning additive.

An LED lamp module for carrying out a photochemical reaction has a carrier body on which a plurality of LEDs are fastened. The carrier body is arranged in an interior space of the LED lamp module, delimited by a transparent wall element and a housing. An electrical supply line for the electrical connection of the LEDs extends through the housing. The LEDs are divided into LED groups and connected in series in each LED group. A driver is assigned to each LED group as constant current source for the operation of the LEDs. Each driver is arranged adjacent to its LED group on the carrier body in the interior space of the LED lamp module, and is connected in series to its LED group, thereby forming an LED current branch. The LED current branches are connected in parallel to a constant voltage source via the supply line.

[Problem] To improve productivity of guest-free silicon clathrates [Solution] A method of producing a guest-free silicon clathrate includes a synthesizing step of performing a heat treatment on a mixture containing Si as a material serving as a host and a material serving as a guest to synthesize a silicon clathrate compound; and a guest removing step of irradiating the silicon clathrate compound contained in a container with an electromagnetic wave to remove the guest while suctioning gas inside the container.

An LED lamp module for carrying out a photochemical reaction has a carrier body on which a plurality of LEDs are fastened. The carrier body is arranged in an interior space of the LED lamp module, delimited by a transparent wall element and a housing. An electrical supply line for the electrical connection of the LEDs extends through the housing. The LEDs are divided into LED groups and connected in series in each LED group. A driver is assigned to each LED group as constant current source for the operation of the LEDs. Each driver is arranged adjacent to its LED group on the carrier body in the interior space of the LED lamp module, and is connected in series to its LED group, thereby forming an LED current branch. The LED current branches are connected in parallel to a constant voltage source via the supply line.

A surface radiator includes a light-emitting semiconductor component and a housing body. The housing body has a cooling channel forming part of a fluid path from an inlet opening to a return opening. A transparent emission window overlies the light-emitting semiconductor component. The housing body provides an attachment surface spaced apart from the emission window for the light-emitting semiconductor component. The arrangement of the emission window on the housing body is formed in a fluid-tight manner. The housing body, the semiconductor component and the emission window delimit an emission chamber. The fluid path is defined by a first cooling channel, which extends from the inlet opening through the housing body to an orifice opening, the emission chamber, and a second cooling channel, which extends from the discharge opening through the housing body to the return opening. The coolant is an electrically insulating liquid, which is transparent for the incident radiation.

The present invention is directed to piezo photocatalytic process for the production of hydrogen from water, wherein the process comprises the steps of: (a) providing non-metal-doped barium titanate which includes at least one defect; (b) contacting the non-metal-doped barium titanate provided in step (a) with water to form a mixture; and (c) subjecting the mixture formed in step (b) to: (i) actinic radiation; and (ii) mechanical force, to produce hydrogen from the water, as well as non-metal-doped barium titanate and methods of production thereof.

A simple, one-step method for producing a homogenous CeO.sub.2TiO.sub.2 composite thin film using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a solution containing triacetatocerium (III) and tetra isopropoxytitanium (IV) on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate at a temperature ranging from about 500 to about 650 C. Methods for using the film produced by this method.