Processes, compositions, and sensors for sensing a variety of toxic chemicals based on colorimetric changes. Exemplary process for sensing a toxic chemical includes contacting a toxic chemical, or byproduct thereof, with a sorbent that includes a porous metal hydroxide or a porous mixed-metal oxide/hydroxide and a transition metal reactant suitable to react with a toxic chemical or byproduct thereof. The sorbent is contacted with the toxic chemical or byproduct thereof for a sampling time. A difference between a post-exposure colorimetric state of the sorbent and a pre-exposure colorimetric state of the sorbent is determined to thereby detect exposure to, or the presence of, the toxic chemical or byproduct thereof.

Disclosed are systems and methods of rapidly cooling thermal loads by providing a burst mode cooling system for rapid cooling. The burst mode cooling system may include a complex compound sorber configured to rapidly absorb ammonia.

A resin nanocomposite, including a resin skeleton structure and nanoparticles. The resin skeleton structure is an aminated polystyrene. The nanoparticles are dispersed in the resin skeleton structure. The specific area of the nanocomposite is between 50 and 300 m.sup.2/g, and the pore size thereof is between 5 and 40 nm. The invention also provides a method for preparing the resin nanocomposite, the method including: 1) mixing and dissolving a linear polyethylene with a chloromethyl polystyrene or a polyvinyl chloride to yield a polymer solution, and adding the nanoparticles to the polymer solution; 2) adding an alcohol solution to liquid nitrogen; adding the mixed solution dropwise to the liquid nitrogen to yield a mixture; allowing the mixture to stand; collecting, washing and drying resin beads to yield a composite material; and 3) adding the composite material to an amine solution for reaction, and washing and drying the resulting product.

Disclosed are systems and methods of rapidly cooling thermal loads by providing a burst mode cooling system for rapid cooling. The burst mode cooling system may include a complex compound sorber configured to rapidly absorb ammonia. The system may be used to provide pulses of cooling to directed energy systems, such as lasers and other systems that generate bursts of heat in operation.

The invention relates to a material for storing and releasing oxygen, consisting of a reactive ceramic made of copper, manganese and iron oxides, wherein, subject to the oxygen partial pressure of a surrounding atmosphere and/or an ambient temperature, the reactive ceramic has a transition region that can be passed through any number of times, said transition region being between a discharge threshold state of a three-phase crednerite/cuprite/hausmannite mixed ceramic and a charge threshold state of a two-phase spinel/tenorite mixed ceramic. A passing through of the transition region from the discharge threshold state towards the charging threshold state is associated with oxygen uptake and a passing through of the transition region from the charge threshold state towards the discharge threshold state is associated with oxygen release.

The invention relates to a lithium adsorption-desorption apparatus including a plurality of reaction tanks arranged in a row; a guide rail disposed at an upper portion of the reaction tank; a movable driving unit coupled to a moving means that moves along the guide rail; and a reaction housing which is mounted to the driving unit, and can be vertically moved or rotated in a state in which the lithium adsorbent is fixed thereto, and after immersing in the reaction tank, accelerates adsorption or desorption of lithium, and after being lifted, discharges residual solution from the lithium adsorbent by rotation movement.

Therefore, the lithium adsorption desorption apparatus can fix a large amount of lithium adsorbent and immerse it in a lithium-containing solution to effectively adsorb lithium and then quickly desorb lithium in a desorption solution, and can efficiently wash the lithium adsorbent in a cleaning solution.

A family of highly charged crystalline microporous metallophosphate molecular sieves designated PST-19 has been synthesized. These high charge density metallophosphates are represented by the empirical formula of:
R.sup.p+.sub.rA.sup.+.sub.mM.sup.2+.sub.xE.sub.yPO.sub.z
where A is an alkali metal such as potassium, R is an organoammonium cation such as tetraethylammonium, M is a divalent metal such as zinc and E is a trivalent framework element such as aluminum or gallium. The molecular sieves of the invention as synthesized exhibit an x-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Table A and are modified by a process selected from calcination, ammonia calcination or ion-exchange. The PST-19 family of materials are among the first MeAPO-type molecular sieves to be stabilized by combinations of alkali and quaternary ammonium cations, enabling unique compositions. The PST-19 family of molecular sieves has the SBS topology and catalytic properties for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes and separation properties for separating at least one component.

Purified air is provided, having a TVOC content of from less than 5 ppb to about 500 ppb, a Biologicals content of from less than 1 CFU/M.sup.3 to 150 CFU/M.sup.3 and a Particulate content of from about 1,000 0.3 m particles per ft.sup.3 to about 50,000 0.3 m particles per ft.sup.3, or from about 600 0.5 m particles per ft.sup.3 to about 500,000 0.5 m particles per ft.sup.3.

Tritium is isolated and recovered from tritium-containing water by a membrane electrode including a manganese oxide having a spinel crystal structure and containing hydrogen ions or lithium ions and having one surface coated with a membrane of an ion conductive material.

A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen including ascorbic acid, an organic acid, a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide and a soluble transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states.