A promoted carbon and/or non-carbon base sorbent are described that are highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The promoted sorbent comprises a carbon and/or non-carbon base sorbent that has reacted with and contains forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase and/or preserve reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the base sorbent, or in-flight within a gas stream (air, flue gas, etc.), to enhance base sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The promoted sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Base sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active base sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.

A new family of crystalline microporous metallophosphates designated AlPO-91 has been synthesized. These metallophosphates are represented by the empirical formula
C.sub.c.sup.+A.sub.a.sup.+M.sub.m.sup.2+EP.sub.xSi.sub.yO.sub.z
where M is a divalent framework metal such as magnesium or zinc, C is a cyclic organoammonium cation, A is an acyclic organoammonium cation, and E is a trivalent framework element such as aluminum or gallium. The AlPO-91 compositions are characterized by a new unique ABC-6 net structure, and have catalytic properties suitable for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes, as well as characteristics suitable for the efficient adsorption of water vapor in a variety of applications, such as adsorption heat pumps.

Selenium nanomaterials and methods of making and using selenium nanomaterials are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the selenium nanomaterials can advantageously be used, for example, for removing mercury from air and/or water.

A new family of crystalline microporous metallophosphates designated AlPO-92 has been synthesized. These metallophosphates are represented by the empirical formula
C.sub.c.sup.+A.sub.a.sup.+M.sub.m.sup.2+EP.sub.xSi.sub.yO.sub.z
where M is a divalent framework metal such as magnesium, C is a cyclic organoammonium cation, A is an acyclic organoammonium cation, and E is a trivalent framework element such as aluminum or gallium. The AlPO-92 compositions are characterized by a new unique ABC-6 net structure, and have catalytic properties suitable for carrying out various hydrocarbon conversion processes, as well as characteristics suitable for the efficient adsorption of water vapor in a variety of applications, such as adsorption heat pumps.

A promoted activated carbon sorbent is described that is highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The sorbent comprises a new modified carbon form containing reactive forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the sorbent, or to the flue gas to enhance sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.

A promoted activated carbon sorbent is described that is highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The sorbent comprises a new modified carbon form containing reactive forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the sorbent, or to the flue gas to enhance sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.

A promoted carbon and/or non-carbon base sorbent are described that are highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The promoted sorbent comprises a carbon and/or non-carbon base sorbent that has reacted with and contains forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase and/or preserve reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the base sorbent, or in-flight within a gas stream (air, flue gas, etc.), to enhance base sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The promoted sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Base sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active base sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.

A promoted activated carbon sorbent is described that is highly effective for the removal of mercury from flue gas streams. The sorbent comprises a new modified carbon form containing reactive forms of halogen and halides. Optional components may be added to increase reactivity and mercury capacity. These may be added directly with the sorbent, or to the flue gas to enhance sorbent performance and/or mercury capture. Mercury removal efficiencies obtained exceed conventional methods. The sorbent can be regenerated and reused. Sorbent treatment and preparation methods are also described. New methods for in-flight preparation, introduction, and control of the active sorbent into the mercury contaminated gas stream are described.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to sorbents for the oxidation and removal of mercury. The present invention includes removing mercury from a mercury-containing gas using a halide-promoted and optionally ammonium-protected sorbent that can include carbon sorbent, non-carbon sorbent, or a combination thereof.

Described herein is a filtration medium comprising a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a thermolysis product of (i) a carbon substrate having a surface of CO.sub.xE.sub.y, wherein E is selected from at least one of S, Se, and Te; and wherein x and y are greater than 0; and (ii) a metal salt; and methods of removing chloramine from aqueous solutions.