A catalyst composition includes a liquid metal alloy having a melting point from about 20° C. to about 25° C., the liquid metal alloy including a primary metal and a secondary metal, the primary metal being aluminum and the secondary metal is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium, and bismuth.

The present disclosure provides a composition. In an embodiment, a catalyst composition is provided and includes from 85 mol % to 95 mol % iron metal, and from 15 mol % to 5 mol % indium metal, wherein mol % is based on total moles of iron metal and indium metal. Also provided is a process of contacting, under reaction conditions, a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and optionally water with the catalyst composition. The process includes forming a reaction product composed of light olefins.

The present disclosure provides a composition. In an embodiment, a catalyst composition is provided and includes from 85 mol % to 95 mol % iron metal, and from 15 mol % to 5 mol % indium metal, wherein mol % is based on total moles of iron metal and indium metal. Also provided is a process of contacting, under reaction conditions, a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and optionally water with the catalyst composition. The process includes forming a reaction product composed of light olefins.

A catalyst including at least one group 10 metal impregnated in a mixed metal oxide is provided. The mixed metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of the oxides of In, Cu. Zn, Zr, Al, and combinations thereof. The catalyst is effective in the conversion of CO.sub.2 to value added products like methanol (CH.sub.3OH) and carbon monoxide (CO). A convenient process for preparation of the catalyst is also provided.

A catalyst including at least one group 10 metal impregnated in a mixed metal oxide is provided. The mixed metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of the oxides of In, Cu. Zn, Zr, Al, and combinations thereof. The catalyst is effective in the conversion of CO.sub.2 to value added products like methanol (CH.sub.3OH) and carbon monoxide (CO). A convenient process for preparation of the catalyst is also provided.

A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins includes introducing a feed stream including hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream including C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component selected from (A) a bulk material consisting of gallium oxide, (B) gallium oxide present on a titanium dioxide support material, and (C) a mixture of gallium oxide and at least one promoter present on a support material selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements.

A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins includes introducing a feed stream including hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream including C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component selected from (A) a bulk material consisting of gallium oxide, (B) gallium oxide present on a titanium dioxide support material, and (C) a mixture of gallium oxide and at least one promoter present on a support material selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe pre-catalysts comprising including one or more of indium oxide, indium hydroxide, indium oxyhydroxide, an active oxide, and a refractory oxide. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe method of making pre-catalysts based on one or more of impregnation, precipitation or co-precipitation, ball milling, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-mediated synthesis. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe methods of activating pre-catalysts and synthesizing one or more of methanol and olefins using catalysts obtained from the pre-catalysts.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe pre-catalysts comprising including one or more of indium oxide, indium hydroxide, indium oxyhydroxide, an active oxide, and a refractory oxide. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe method of making pre-catalysts based on one or more of impregnation, precipitation or co-precipitation, ball milling, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-mediated synthesis. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe methods of activating pre-catalysts and synthesizing one or more of methanol and olefins using catalysts obtained from the pre-catalysts.

The present development is a method for the selective conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) using a catalyst comprising non-toxic and non-noble metals and wherein the method requires relatively mild processing conditions. The catalyst comprises copper metal particles, used alone or in combination with cobalt, nickel, manganese, ruthenium, gallium, zinc, aluminum or a combination thereof, on a nanowire support. The catalyst is stable in liquid phase reactions and in the presence of water. The present development also includes a process for producing the catalyst.