Improvements in the commercial viability of oxygen transfer agents (OTAs) and/or catalysts associated with the OCM and the ODH of hydrocarbons to olefins through enhancement of one or more of the selectivity, yield, rate and lifetime of the OTA and/or catalyst is described by one or more of (i) exposing the OTA or the catalyst to a sulfur-containing compound at a site or at a time that is different from where and when the saturated hydrocarbon is converted by the OTA or the catalyst to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; (ii) increasing the particle density of the OTA or the catalyst by treating the OTA or the catalyst with a reducing agent at a site different from where the saturated hydrocarbon is converted by the OTA or by the catalyst to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; and (iii) removing non-selective redox oxygen (NSRO) present on the OTA by subjecting the OTA to a gas that is substantially free of any molecular oxygen.

Improvements in the commercial viability of oxygen transfer agents (OTAs) and/or catalysts associated with the OCM and the ODH of hydrocarbons to olefins through enhancement of one or more of the selectivity, yield, rate and lifetime of the OTA and/or catalyst is described by one or more of (i) exposing the OTA or the catalyst to a sulfur-containing compound at a site or at a time that is different from where and when the saturated hydrocarbon is converted by the OTA or the catalyst to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; (ii) increasing the particle density of the OTA or the catalyst by treating the OTA or the catalyst with a reducing agent at a site different from where the saturated hydrocarbon is converted by the OTA or by the catalyst to an unsaturated hydrocarbon; and (iii) removing non-selective redox oxygen (NSRO) present on the OTA by subjecting the OTA to a gas that is substantially free of any molecular oxygen.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

A base polyamide composition comprising a nylon mixture having caprolactam units from 1 wppb to 50 wppm catalyst composition; and greater than 0.75 wt % residual caprolactam, wherein the base polyamide composition has a delta end group level ranging from 30 eq/gram to 90 eq/gram.

Provided is a photocatalyst including a photocatalyst in which part of calcium ions are substituted with titanium ions, and part of phosphoric acid ions are substituted with metal oxoacid ions in a calcium hydroxyapatite crystal structure.

Provided is a photocatalyst including a photocatalyst in which part of calcium ions are substituted with titanium ions, and part of phosphoric acid ions are substituted with metal oxoacid ions in a calcium hydroxyapatite crystal structure.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

Hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof are dehydrated using a catalyst and a method to produce bio-acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. A method to produce the dehydration catalyst is also provided.

The method disclosed herein relates to two stage catalytic processes for converting syngas to acetic acid, acrylic acid and/or propylene. More specifically, the method described and claimed herein relate to a method of producing acrylic acid and acetic acid comprising the steps of: a) providing a feedstream comprising syngas; b) contacting the feedstream with a first catalyst to produce a first product stream comprising C.sub.2-C.sub.3 olefins and/or C.sub.2-C.sub.3 paraffins; and c) contacting the first product stream with oxygen gas and a second catalyst, thereby producing a second product stream comprising acrylic acid and acetic acid, wherein there is no step for separating the components of the first product stream before the first product stream is contacted with the second catalyst.