The disclosed technology provides processes for producing hydrogen that is renewable, has negative carbon intensity, and is associated with net water production. The hydrogen is economically, environmentally, and socially superior to conventional hydrogen via steam reforming of natural gas or electrolysis of water. Some variations provide a process for manufacturing carbon-negative hydrogen and optionally activated carbon, comprising: feeding biomass into a first heated vessel or zone to generate dried biomass and a first recovered water stream; feeding the dried biomass into a second heated vessel or zone to pyrolyze the dried biomass, generating a biocatalyst and a biogas; feeding the biocatalyst, the first recovered water stream, and biogas to a third heated vessel or zone for biocatalytic conversion, thereby generating H.sub.2, CO, and optionally activated carbon; and recovering the hydrogen. The H.sub.2 is carbon-negative hydrogen characterized by a carbon intensity less than 0 kg CO.sub.2e per metric ton H.sub.2.

The invention relates to a method for producing an oil rich fraction (OF) from primary feedstock (FS) that comprises water, first salt, second salt, and biomass. The feedstock (FS) is provided to a first reaction zone (Z1) of a conversion reactor (100), where it is allowed to react at a temperature of at least 350 C. in a pressure of at least 160 bar to form converted primary feedstock. The method comprises separating from the converted primary feedstock a first salt rich fraction (SF1), a second salt rich fraction (SF2), and an oil rich fraction (OF). The method comprises withdrawing the oil rich fraction (OF) from the first reaction zone (Z1) and withdrawing the first salt rich fraction (SF1) and the second salt rich fraction (SF2) from the conversion reactor (100). In the method the first salt rich fraction (SF1) comprises at least some of the first salt dissolved in the water, the second salt rich fraction (SF2) comprises at least some of the second salt in solid form, and at least one of the first salt and the second salt is a salt capable of catalysing the reaction of the biomass of the primary feedstock (FS) with the water of the primary feedstock (FS) to produce the oil rich fraction (OF). A device for the same.

The present invention provides a wave inertial-force electricity generating apparatus configured to receive an energy of a wave on a water surface and including a main body unit, a mass unit, and an energy conversion unit. The main body unit includes a main body disposed on the water surface, a surrounding wall disposed at the main body and enclosing an accommodating space, and a fixed body connected to the main body, where the main body is pushed by the wave to move with respect to the fixed body, and the fixed body is configured to limit a movement range of the main body. The mass unit includes a mass body movably disposed in the accommodating space, where the mass body is pushed by the main body to move inertially in the accommodating space. The energy conversion unit includes an electricity generating module disposed at the main body and connected to the mass body, where the electricity generating module absorbs an inertial force of the mass body and converts the inertial force to electricity. Therefore, a wave force can be obtained for electricity generation while the coastline is protected.

A synthetic fuel production system and related techniques are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments, the disclosed system may be configured to produce a liquid fuel using carbon dioxide extracted from the air and hydrogen generated from aqueous solutions by electrochemical means (e.g., water electrolysis). In production of the fuel, the disclosed system may be configured, in accordance with some embodiments, to react the carbon dioxide and hydrogen, for example, to form methanol. The disclosed system also may be configured, in accordance with some embodiments, to utilize one or more subsequent reaction steps to produce a given targeted set of hydrocarbons and partially oxidized hydrocarbons. For example, the disclosed system may be used to produce any one (or combination) of: ethanol; dimethyl ether; formic acid; formaldehyde; alkanes of various chain length; olefines; aliphatic and aromatic carbon compounds; and mixtures thereof, such as gasoline fuels, diesel fuels, and jet fuels.

Contemplated systems and methods for hydrogen production use a solar heliostat system as an energy source to produce hydrogen during daytime, and employ molten salt as an energy source to produce hydrogen during nighttime.

The present invention provides a wave inertial-force electricity generating apparatus configured to receive an energy of a wave on a water surface and including a main body unit, a mass unit, and an energy conversion unit. The main body unit includes a main body disposed on the water surface, a surrounding wall disposed at the main body and enclosing an accommodating space, and a fixed body connected to the main body, where the main body is pushed by the wave to move with respect to the fixed body, and the fixed body is configured to limit a movement range of the main body. The mass unit includes a mass body movably disposed in the accommodating space, where the mass body is pushed by the main body to move inertially in the accommodating space. The energy conversion unit includes an electricity generating module disposed at the main body and connected to the mass body, where the electricity generating module absorbs an inertial force of the mass body and converts the inertial force to electricity. Therefore, a wave force can be obtained for electricity generation while the coastline is protected.

A carbon closed-loop system and process are provided. The carbon closed-loop system and process can be utilized in an industrial operation for producing, for example, a Lower Carbon Aviation Fuel (LCAF). The LCAF is produced by decarbonizing, for example, industrial furnaces and boilers, such as fired heaters, through the carbon closed-loop system and process which integrates renewable energy-driven H.sub.2 generation, CO.sub.2 capture, and methanation technologies to substantially reduce the carbon footprint of the industrial operation.

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for continuous hydrogen production using photocatalysis. Specifically, the disclosure relates to systems and methods for continuous hydrogen production using photocatalysis of water utilizing semiconductor charge carriers immobilized on removable carriers in the presence of a reducing agent such as tertiary amines.

A photocatalytic device includes a substrate and an array of conductive projections supported by the substrate and extending outward from the substrate. Each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections has a semiconductor composition configured for charge carrier generation in response to solar radiation. Each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections is decorated with a co-catalyst arrangement. The co-catalyst arrangement includes gold and an oxide material.

An apparatus comprises a chamber, an emitter configured to emit electromagnetic radiation into the chamber, and an igniter configured to provide energy at an ignition point within the chamber to initiate a gas discharge. The emitter and the igniter are operable in conjunction to generate nonthermal plasma within the chamber at atmospheric pressure.