A thermal barrier coating and a cold-wall reactor including the coating are provided. A second ceramic layer is sandwiched between the conventional two-layer structures of the thermal barrier coating. The second ceramic layer is made of aluminum oxide stabilized zirconium oxide and the content of aluminum oxide does not exceed 30 wt %. The zirconium oxide in the first and second ceramic layer has a tetragonal crystal structure. A cold-wall reactor formed by applying the thermal barrier coating provides advantageous steel hydrogen corrosion resistance in ultra-high temperature. The effective volume of the hydrogenation reactor is fully used, overcoming the problem that the thermal insulation liner is easily damaged and causes local overheating of the reactor wall, as well as eliminating potential safety hazards of reactor wall local stress concentration caused by expansion and contraction of the liner cylinder attachment member.

The present invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a reaction tube, a distributor and a heating device, the reaction tube and the distributor at the bottom of the reaction tube composing a closed space, the distributor comprising a gas inlet and a product outlet, and the reaction tube comprising a tail gas outlet and a seed inlet at the top or upper part respectively, characterized in that the reaction tube comprises a reaction inner tube and a reaction outer tube, and the heating device is an induction heating device placed within a hollow cavity formed between the external wall of the reaction inner tube and the internal wall of the reaction outer tube, wherein the hollow cavity is filled with hydrogen, nitrogen or inert gas for protection, and is able to maintain a pressure of about 0.01 to about 5 MPa; and also to a process of producing high purity granular polysilicon using the reactor. The fluidized bed reactor according to the present invention uses induction heating to heat directly the silicon particles inside the reaction chamber, such that the temperature of the reaction tube is lower than that inside the reaction chamber, which accordingly avoids deposition on the tube wall and results in more uniform heating, and thus is useful for large diameter fluidized bed reactors with much increased output for a single reactor.

A process for producing an anti-erosion coating on an inner or outer metal wall of a chamber of a fluid catalytic cracking unit, comprising: (i) the shaping of a honeycomb metal anchoring structure, said anchoring structure being formed from a plurality of strips connected in pairs by joining assembly portions of these strips so as to form a plurality of cells between two adjacent strips, (ii) the fastening of said anchoring structure by welding to said metal wall, so that each cell of the anchoring structure is welded to the wall of the chamber at least at the junctions between the contiguous assembly portions of two adjacent strips, and (iii) the insertion of a composite material into the cells from the metal wall and at least up to the upper longitudinal edge of each strip.

Provided herein are corrosion-resistant reactors that can be used for gasification, and methods of making and using the same. Some embodiments include a corrosion-resistant ceramic layer. According to some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant ceramic layer has a negative charge. At temperature above water's critical point (for example, 374 CC and at 22.1 MPa I 218 atm), water can behave as an adjustable solvent and can have tunable properties depending on temperature and pressure.

A reactor comprising a thermal barrier surrounding a combustion zone. The reactor further comprises a cooling jacket inner wall and a binder disposed between the cooling jacket inner wall and the thermal barrier, and a cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the cooling jacket inner wall and the cooling jacket outer wall define a cooling channel. The reactor further comprises an outer reactor wall disposed over the cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the outer reactor wall is impermeable and is configured to contain high pressure gas within the reactor.

A reactor comprising a thermal barrier surrounding a combustion zone. The reactor further comprises a cooling jacket inner wall and a binder disposed between the cooling jacket inner wall and the thermal barrier, and a cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the cooling jacket inner wall and the cooling jacket outer wall define a cooling channel. The reactor further comprises an outer reactor wall disposed over the cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the outer reactor wall is impermeable and is configured to contain high pressure gas within the reactor.

In an embodiment, a method of producing carbonate can comprise: reacting a feed comprising carbon monoxide and chlorine in a tube of a reactor to produce a product composition comprising phosgene, wherein the tube has a particulate catalyst contained therein, wherein a thermally conductive material separate from the tube contacts at least a portion of the particulate catalyst, and wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the product composition in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume based on the volume of the phosgene; and reacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate.

The present invention relates, in general, to the purification of boron trichloride (BCl.sub.3). More particularly, the invention relates to a process for minimizing silicon tetrachloride (SiCl.sub.4) formation in BCl.sub.3 production and/or the removal of SiCl.sub.4 in BCl.sub.3 product stream by preventing/minimizing the silicon source in the reaction chambers. In addition, a hydride material may be used to convert any SiCl.sub.4 present to SiH.sub.4 which is easier to remove. Lastly freeze separation would replace fractional distillation to remove SiCl.sub.4 from BCl.sub.3 that has been partially purified to remove light boilers.

A process for increasing alcohol yield from biomass (the form or agro- or forest residue, grains, hops, etc.), involving multiple hydrodynamic cavitation treatments of biomass filtrateboth before and after fermentation. Carbohydrates extracted from biomass are subjected to a first cavitation treatment to promote additional conversion into carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are then combined with bacterial species and nutrients, and allowed to ferment. The fermentation product is subjected to a second hydrodynamic cavitation treatment to promote further conversion of carbohydrates into bioalcohol. After distillation, the bioalcohol is subjected to a second hydrodynamic cavitation treatment to increase its purity.

A reactor useful in the production and conversion of hydrocarbon feedstocks may include: a pressure vessel with an interior wall; a refractory lining inside the reactor, wherein the refractory lining comprises: a first layer comprising a brick refractory, a second layer comprising a refractory castable, wherein the refractory castable comprises an aggregate and a binder, wherein the binder comprises CaO.Math.6Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and less than 1 wt % of a hydratable calcium aluminate, and a third layer comprising a fiber refractory, wherein the second layer is between the first and third layers, and wherein the third layer is closest to the interior wall.