The present invention relates to a solution reaction apparatus and solution reaction method using the same, and more particularly a solution reaction apparatus and a solution reaction method using the same, wherein a reaction vessel is made by using a sealing member, a reaction vessel forming member, and a substrate serving as the bottom part of the reaction vessel so as to cause one side of a reaction solution only to contact the solution, thereby adjusting the temperature of the substrate differently from the temperature of the solution. The solution reaction apparatus of the present invention can control temperature of the substrate and temperature of the reaction solution separately, thereby it can control the temperature of the solution above the boiling point of the solution, and can react the solution while constantly maintaining the concentration of the solution by the solution circulatory device. Accordingly, it has an effect of freely forming various nanostructures on the substrate.

A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula A.sub.aB.sub.bC.sub.cD.sub.dO.sub.3-, wherein 0<a<1.2, 0b1.2, 0.9<a+b1.2, 0<c<1.2, 0d1.2, 0.9<c+d1.2, 0.5<<0.5; A is selected from calcium, strontium, barium, and any combination thereof; B is selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and any combination thereof; C is selected from cerium, zirconium, antimony, praseodymium, titanium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, gallium, tin, terbium and any combination thereof; and D is selected from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, ferrum, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, gallium, indium, tin, antimony and any combination thereof.

The invention refers to an insulating lining, a use of an alumina-based part, a reactor for hydrocarbon reforming and a process for hydrocarbon reforming.

An oxidation apparatus configured to receive a gas stream, the oxidation apparatus having: an apparatus inlet port; a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the apparatus inlet port, the heat exchanger having: a cold gas channel in fluid communication with the apparatus inlet port; and a hot gas channel in thermal communication with the cold gas channel; a reactor inlet port in fluid communication with the cold gas channel; a reactor body in fluid communication with the reactor inlet port; a reactor outlet port in fluid communication with the reactor body and the hot gas channel; and an apparatus outlet port in fluid communication with the hot gas channel. The reactor body is configured to continuously oxidize fuel gas within the gas stream, such that gas travelling through the hot gas channel heats gas travelling through the cold gas channel, preheating the gas stream prior to entering the reactor body.

The present disclosure generally provides plasma processing chambers and methods thereof. The plasma processing chambers comprises a chamber body covered by a lid, the chamber body and the lid defining a chamber interior volume. A substrate support is disposed on a support shaft within the chamber interior volume. The substrate support includes a body having a top layer including a ceramic composition and a lower layer including a nitride, an oxide, or a carbide. A mesh is embedded in the lower layer. One or more heating elements are disposed below the mesh proximal to the support shaft.

Provided is an apparatus for mass-producing lithium sulfide that includes: a reaction chamber having a reaction space for producing lithium sulfide and provided with a lithium raw material; a hydrogen sulfide supply portion provided to supply hydrogen sulfide to the reaction chamber; a heating portion provided to heat the reaction space; a lithium sulfide recovery portion provided to remove impurities from the lithium sulfide produced by a reaction between the hydrogen sulfide and the lithium raw material in the reaction chamber and recover only pure lithium sulfide; a condensation portion provided to recover and condense gas discharged from the reaction chamber; a solvent re-supply portion provided to receive a mixture from the condensation portion, selectively separate a reaction solvent, and supply the separated reaction solvent into the reaction chamber; and a moisture removal portion provided to remove water vapor from recovered gas delivered from the solvent re-supply portion.

An apparatus for hydrocarbon conversion, the apparatus including a reactor and a reactor insert secured and disposed within an interior cavity of the reactor, is described. The reactor is configured to permit addition of a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon at an upstream end of the reactor and to permit discharge of a product stream at a downstream end of the reactor. The reactor insert is configured to provide heat to the interior cavity to promote conversion of hydrocarbons as the feed stream moves from the upstream end of the reactor to the downstream end of the reactor. The products of the conversion reaction are discharged at the downstream end as part of the product stream. A method for hydrocarbon conversion using the apparatus is also described.

The invention relates to a process for preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride comprising circulating a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cu.sup.n+ with n being a number in the range from 1 to 2, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl in a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III, each comprising a reaction zone i, ii and iii respectively, wherein: (a) in the reaction zone i of the first bubble lift reactor I, a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cu.sup.n+, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl is contacted with oxygen at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405 C. so that the molar ratio Cu.sup.n+:Cu.sup.+ in the liquid melt increases, obtaining a liquid melt having an increased molar ratio Cu.sup.n+:Cu.sup.+ (b) the liquid melt obtained in (a) is circulated to the reaction zone ii in the second bubble lift reactor II, where the liquid melt is contacted with hydrogen chloride at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405 C. so that water is formed, obtaining a liquid melt being enriched in chloride anions (CI) compared to the liquid melt obtained according to (a); (c) circulating the liquid melt obtained in (b) to the reaction zone iii in the third bubble lift reactor III, which is operated at a temperature in the range from 420 to 430 C. so that chlorine (Cl.sub.2) is formed, wherein Cl.sub.2 is removed from the reaction zone iii and the third bubble lift reactor III respectively in gaseous form, leaving a liquid melt depleted of Cl-compared to the liquid melt obtained according to (b). The invention further relates to a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III.