A flow reactor having two or more raw material feeding units, a mixing unit to mix raw materials fed from the raw material feeding units, and a reactor unit in which a mixed solution prepared in the mixing unit flows, wherein at least a part of an inner wall of the reactor unit is formed of a fluororesin containing a conductive filler.

Control of the flow of granular polysilicon granules is effected by employing an elastomeric pinch sleeve valve. The flow control by this method is especially useful for controlling the flow of silicon seed particles and granular polysilicon product in the fluidized bed method for producing polysilicon. The flow may be stopped without gas leakage, and is suitable for use over long operating campaigns.

Reactor systems, reactors, and removable liners for chemical and biological processes and manufacturing modules and systems using the same, are disclosed. Kits and methods of using the reactor systems and kits as with removable elements are also disclosed.

A composite material preparation system comprises a sealed reaction kettle for containing reactants and base materials; temperature and pressure detecting units for detecting the temperature and pressure inside the reaction kettle; and a heating unit for hydrothermally induced heating, based on the detected temperature and pressure values. The heating unit comprises an induction coil, an induction heating device, and a control mechanism for controlling the generation of an induction frequency of the induction heating device. The reaction kettle is located in the induction coil, both ends of the induction coil are mounted on an outer wall of the induction heating device, and the induction coil and the induction heating device have circulating water introduced inside. The device can prepare a composite material having good interface bonding, by utilizing induced heating under the premise of controllable temperature and pressure, and by utilizing the characteristic that the reactants themselves are heated.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.

Provided are a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus for efficiently manufacturing a halogen oxoacid solution with a high quality and excellent industrial properties. Specifically, a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus of a halogen oxoacid are provided. The manufacturing method and the manufacturing apparatus include continuously supplying an organic alkaline solution and a halogen from a first end to a second end of a reaction tube so that liquid phase parts and/or gas phase parts are alternately and repeatedly provided in a transfer passage of the reaction tube, to perform gas-liquid mixing of the organic alkaline solution and the halogen at the liquid phase parts and/or gas phase parts.

A method of assembling an apparatus for containing reagents for a chemical reaction. The apparatus includes an elongate housing and a receptacle. The elongate housing may include a cooling means, and end fittings which may include ports where fluids may be introduced and/or removed. Specifically, the method relates to the securement of a receptacle relative to the outwardly facing surface of the housing.

End cap section (10) for use in the construction of a configurable pressure vessel (80) and the vessel constructed thereof. The vessel having an interior volume and including at least one such end cap section joined to a second section. The end cap section (10) has a tubular wall (12) extending from an enclosed first end (16) to an open second end (18). At least one mounting pad (30) is positioned on the outer surface (20) of the wall on the enclosed first end (16) thereof. Such mounting pad has a base portion (32a-e) supported on the wall (12) and a generally tubular stub portion (34a-e) extending outwardly from the base portion intermediate a proximal end adjoining the wall (12) and a distal end (40a-e) configurable for connection to a fluid component (90). With the stub proximal end being closed by the wall, such end is openable through the wall to provide a port opening into the interior volume of the vessel.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.

A combination for carrying out microwave assisted reactions is disclosed, such as acid digestion and solvent extraction. The combination includes a microwave transparent pressure-resistant reaction vessel and a flexible film fluoropolymer liner inside the reaction vessel. The flexible film liner has a size and shape that substantially conforms to the inner walls of the reaction vessel. A pressure-relief closure is positioned on the reaction vessel and the flexible film liner, and an infrared temperature detector that operates in wavelengths (frequencies) to which both the reaction vessel and the flexible liner are transparent, so that an exact fit and conductive heating to the outside of the reaction vessel are not required.