Systems and methods for producing nitrates, nitric acid, salts thereof, or a mixture thereof are disclosed. The systems may include a feed conduit configured for receiving a feed stream comprising molecular oxygen and molecular nitrogen; an inlet conduit configured for receiving an inlet stream; a plasma reactor fluidically coupled to the inlet conduit, the plasma reactor fluidically coupled to a reactor-outlet conduit configured for receiving the reactor-outlet stream, the plasma reactor configured to produce oxidized nitrogen species; and an absorber fluidically coupled to the reactor-outlet conduit, the absorber configured to receive the reactor outlet stream and to produce nitrates, nitrites, nitric acid, salts thereof, or a mixture thereof from the reactor outlet stream. A recycle conduit may be fluidically coupled to the absorber and the inlet conduit, wherein the recycle conduit is configured to receive the gas-phase stream from the absorber and provide the gas-phase stream to the inlet conduit.

This disclosure provides a system and method for conversion of raw syngas and tars into refined syngas, while optionally minimizing the parasitic losses of the process and maximizing the usable energy density of the product syngas. The system includes a reactor including a refining chamber for refining syngas comprising one or more inlets configured to promote at least two flow zones: a central zone where syngas and air/process additives flow in a swirling pattern for mixing and combustion in the high temperature central zone; at least one peripheral zone within the reactor which forms a boundary layer of a buffering flow along the reactor walls, (b) plasma torches that inject plasma into the central zone, and (c) air injection patterns that create a recirculation zone to promotes mixing between the high temperature products at the core reaction zone of the vessel and the buffering layer, wherein in the central zone, syngas and air/process additives mixture are ignited in close proximity to the plasma arc, coming into contact with each other, concurrently, at the entrance to the reaction chamber and method of using the system.

A method of and system for recirculating a fluid in a particle production system. A reactor produces a reactive particle-gas mixture. A quench chamber mixes a conditioning fluid with the reactive particle-gas mixture, producing a cooled particle-gas mixture that comprises a plurality of precursor material particles and an output fluid. A filter element filters the output fluid, producing a filtered output. A temperature control module controls the temperature of the filtered output, producing a temperature-controlled, filtered output. A content ratio control module modulates the content of the temperature-controlled, filtered output, thereby producing a content-controlled, temperature-controlled, filtered output. A channeling element supplies the content-controlled, temperature-controlled, filtered output to the quench chamber, wherein the content-controlled, filtered output is provided to the quench chamber as the conditioning fluid to be used in cooling the reactive particle-gas mixture.

The present invention generally relates to methods and systems for carrying out a pH-influenced chemical and/or biological reaction. In some embodiments, the pH-influenced reaction involves the conversion of CO.sub.2 to a dissolved species.

There is provided a microwave plasma torch system comprising: a plasma generator; a microwave generator; and at least one plasma source gas injector, wherein the microwave generator includes a waveguide, wherein the plasma generator includes a discharge tube, wherein the discharge tube passes through a waveguide in a perpendicular to the waveguide, wherein the waveguide has a width na, where n is an integer equal to or larger than 2, wherein a is defined as a width of a waveguide having a dominant mode for propagating a microwave, wherein the discharge tube is positioned relative to the waveguide such that a diameter center of the tube encounters a longitudinal null line of an electric field distribution, wherein the discharge tube is further positioned relative to the waveguide such that a diameter center of the tube encounters a transverse null line of an electric field distribution, wherein the transverse null line is perpendicular to the longitudinal null line.

An apparatus for cooling a reactive mixture, comprising: a reactor configured to form the reactive mixture; a quench chamber comprising a frusto-conical body having a wide end, a narrow end, and a quench region formed between the wide and narrow end, wherein the quench chamber is configured to receive the reactive mixture from the plasma reactor through a reactive mixture inlet into the quench region, to receive a conditioning fluid through at least one fluid inlet, and to flow the conditioning fluid into the quench region, wherein the frusto-conical body is configured to produce a turbulent flow within the quench region with the flow of the conditioning fluid into the quench region, thereby promoting the quenching of the reactive mixture to form a cooled gas-particle mixture; and a suction generator configured to force the cooled gas-particle mixture out of the quench chamber.

The present disclosure addresses the deficiencies described above by providing systems and methods for enhancing the efficiency and yield of alkene production. The methods and systems provide for the use of activated CO.sub.2 in a dehydrogenation reactor along with an alkane stream. Through the use of the methods and systems of the invention, catalyst deactivation by coke deposition is reduced and the selectivity and efficiency of the dehydrogenation reaction is improved.

The present invention generally relates to methods and systems for carrying out a pH-influenced chemical and/or biological reaction. In some embodiments, the pH-influenced reaction involves the conversion of CO.sub.2 to a dissolved species.

In a first processing chamber, a feedstock may be combined with plasma from, for example, three plasma torches to form a first fluid mixture. Each torch may have a working gas including water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The first fluid mixture may be cooled and may contact a first heat exchange device. The output fluid from the first heat exchange device may be separated into one or more components. A syngas may be derived from the one or more components and have a ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen of about 1:2. The syngas may be transferred to a catalyst bed to be converted into one or more fluid fuels.

A reactor system that includes a single reactor or a plurality of parallel reactors. A method that includes injecting a mixture including liquid water and a gas, into at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary tube of a continuously-flowing plasma reactor to generate a flowing liquid film region on one or more internal walls of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor with a gas stream flowing through the flowing liquid film region; propagating a plasma discharge along the flowing liquid film region from at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary to an electrically-conductive outlet capillary tube at an opposing end of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor; dissociating the liquid water in the plasma discharge to form a plurality of dissociation products; producing hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen oxides from the plurality of dissociation products.