Photocatalysts and methods of using the same for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water are disclosed. The photocatalysts include photoactive titanium dioxide loaded with 0.5 wt. % to 4 wt. % of a hole-scavenging material comprising cobalt oxide and 0.1 wt. % to 1 wt. % of palladium (Pd) and/or a PdCo alloy.

A fluid flow conduit according to one embodiment comprises: a body comprising a channel-defining surface which defines a principal flow channel extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein the body defines an interior flow region comprising the principal flow channel; an inlet for introducing fluid into the interior flow region, the inlet shaped so that an average velocity of fluid entering the interior flow region from the inlet is oriented in an inlet flow direction non-parallel to the longitudinal direction; and an outlet for conveying fluid out of the principal flow channel, the outlet spaced apart from the inlet in the longitudinal direction such that fluid that passes from the inlet to the outlet passes through at least a portion of the principal flow channel; wherein the fluid flow conduit defines a recess in the interior flow region and facing the inlet.

A method for the rapid and controlled synthesis of mixed metal oxide nanoparticles using relatively low temperature plasma oxidation of liquid droplets of predetermined mixed metal precursors is disclosed. The resulting nanoparticles reflect the metal precursor stoichiometries and the mixed metal oxide's metastable phase can be controlled. The synthesis of mixed transition metal oxide comprising binary metal oxides, ternary mixed metal oxides, quaternary mixed metal oxides and pentanary mixed metal oxides are demonstrated herein.

A nail polish curing device with a light absorbing chamber is provided, including: a lower case, an upper case, a control module and a bottom plate. The lower case includes an enclosed wall and an opening on a side of the wall. A chamber is formed by the opening and the wall. The upper case is detachably mounted on the lower case. An upper opening and a recess that serves as a hidden handle are provided on the upper case. The control module is disposed on the upper case and is configured to activate UV light emitting diode module. Herein, a light absorbing layer is provided on the bottom plate and on each surface of the lower case in the chamber. The light absorbing layers are configured to completely absorb UV light emitted by the UV light emitting diode.

The present invention relates to a marine structure comprising an external surface (50), a load (2, 20, 21, 22, 25) comprising a light source, said load having a first load terminal (2a) and a second load terminal (2b) adapted to be powered by an AC power source (1), said AC power source (1) having a first AC terminal (1a) electrically connectable to the surface (50) and a second AC terminal (1b), a first electrode (3) electrically connected to the first load terminal (2a), and a dielectric layer (4). The first electrode (3) and the dielectric layer (4) are arranged to form, in combination with the surface (50), a capacitor (6) for capacitive transmission of electrical power between the first electrode (3) and the surface (50). The second AC terminal (1b) and the second load terminal (2b) are arranged to be electrically connected to an external electrically conductive element (10, 11) insulated from the surface (50). The first load terminal (2a) is electrically insulated from the second load terminal (2b).

In order to suppress discharge of an unreacted content in a chemical reaction apparatus for irradiating a content with microwaves, a chemical reaction apparatus includes: a horizontal flow-type reactor in which a liquid content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove; a microwave generator that generates microwaves; and a waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor, wherein the inside of the reactor is partitioned into multiple chambers to by overflow-type partition plates and that allow the content to flow thereover and an underflow-type partition plate that allows the content to flow thereunder.

A fluid treatment apparatus is described for the treatment of a fluid substance having multiple component substances to control levels of one or more particular component substances. The apparatus has a reactor chamber; a fluid inlet adapted to provide fluid communication from an external supply of a fluid substance to be treated to said reactor chamber whereby said fluid substance may pass into and through said reactor chamber; a fluid outlet adapted to provide a fluid communication from said reactor chamber whereby said fluid substance may pass from said reactor chamber; at least one first electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waveguide, having at least one first waveguide input port operably coupled within said reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined first wavelength to a fluid substance passing through said reactor chamber. A method for the treatment of a fluid substance is also described.

The disclosure relates to a method for making charged nanoparticles, the method includes: providing a solution with a first solute; atomizing the solution into micro-scaled droplets; providing a charged electrode with at least one through-hole, a negative or positive electric potential is applied to the electrode; allowing the micro-scaled droplets to pass through the at least one through-hole.

To provide a reactor to improve evenness in the thickness of shell metals coated on the surface of core particles by increasing area sizes in the reactor chamber to control electric potentials, the present invention is configured to comprise a top surface able to move up and down while serving as a working electrode, a wall serving as a working electrode, a bottom surface, a standard electrode, a power supplying part and a solution injecting part, wherein the top surface can move up and down automatically by an electric motor or manually. Also, the top surface is configured to be suitable for the interior diameter of the reactor chamber, for solutions inside the reactor chamber not to leak from the top surface or from the crevice between the top surface and the wall of the reactor chamber. The bottom surface of the reactor chamber may comprise an impeller or an ultrasonic wave diffuser to bring about even diffusion in the reactor chamber.

One aspect described herein is a fluid treatment apparatus. The apparatus may comprise a body extending along a flow path between a first end and a second end opposite of the first end along the flow path, the first end comprising an inlet along the flow path, the second end comprising an outlet along the flow path; a flow channel extending inside the body along the flow path to direct a fluid from the inlet to the outlet; and a solid-state radiation source mountable in a cavity of the flow channel to emit radiation into the flow channel along the flow path, the solid-state radiation source comprising a thermally conductive portion positioned to be contacted by the fluid when the fluid is flowing from the inlet to the outlet and the solid-state radiation source is mounted in the cavity. Related apparatus, devices, and methods also are described.