The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of Dalteparin sodium. The process is simple, commercially viable and industrially advantageous.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

Provided is a light irradiation device capable of appropriately suppressing positional misalignment between optical axes even though a plurality of light source modules are disposed in series. A light irradiation device includes a plurality of light source modules disposed in series, in which the light source modules each include a substrate, LED elements disposed on a main surface of the substrate, and an optical element having sidewall sections installed uprightly on side sections of the substrate, and a lens section supported by the sidewall sections and positioned above the LED elements, in which the optical element is made by integrally forming the sidewall sections and the lens section from the same material, and in which a linear expansion coefficient of the substrate, a linear expansion coefficient of the optical element, and a difference in linear expansion coefficient between the substrate and the optical element are within specific ranges.

Provided is a novel method that makes it possible to easily sterilize spores and the like in a highly safe manner. A method for producing radicals according to the present invention includes a generation step of generating radicals through photoirradiation of a radical generation source, and the peak wavelength of light used in the photoirradiation is greater than UV wavelengths and 600 nm or less. Also, a method for sterilizing spores according to the present invention includes a treatment step of generating radicals through photoirradiation of a radical generation source and treating spores with the radicals, and the peak wavelength of light used in the photoirradiation is greater than UV wavelengths and 600 nm or less. The peak wavelength is, for example, 405 to 470 nm.

A photothermal catalytic method for production of hydrogen peroxide without a sacrificial reagent on the basis of a porphyrin-based supermolecule is provided. The method includes the following steps: uniformly mixing a porphyrin-based supermolecule photocatalyst with a concentration of 0.3-1.5 g/L with ultrapure water, conducting irradiation with a visible light for a period of time under stirring at a temperature of 40-80° C. and an O.sub.2 flow rate of 50-150 mL/min, and then filtering and concentrating a reaction liquid to obtain an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with a high concentration. According to the new photothermal catalytic method for preparing the hydrogen peroxide provided in the present disclosure, no organic solvent (such as ethanol, isopropanol and benzyl alcohol) is used as a sacrificial reagent, and the method is environmentally friendly and free of pollution. O.sub.2 is used as an oxygen source, sunlight is used as an energy source, and the method is low in energy consumption and high in safety (compared with an industrial anthraquinone method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide). The method is simple in operation, mild in reaction conditions and high in production of the hydrogen peroxide.

The invention provides a reactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein: (i) the reactor (30) is a tubular reactor (130), and wherein the reactor wall (35) defines the tubular reactor (130); (ii) the tubular reactor (130) is configured in a tubular arrangement (1130); and (iii) the reactor assembly (1) further comprises a reactor support element (40), wherein (a) the reactor support element (40) encloses at least part of the tubular arrangement (1130) or wherein (b) the tubular arrangement (1130) encloses at least part of the reactor support element (40); wherein part of the tubular arrangement (1130) is configured in contact with the reactor support element (40), and wherein another part of the tubular arrangement (1130) and the reactor support element (40) define one or more fluid transport channels (7).

A swimming pool water sanitizing unit with an ozone generator and a separate ultraviolet (UV) reactor chamber within the same housing unit. The ozone generator may include a water jacket gap between the ozone generator chamber and the outer casing that passes pool water through the gap for cooling. Either of the ozone generator and the UV reactor chamber may include UV intensity sensors to help predict the life of the UV bulb therein. The UV reactor chamber may include rotating water paddle blades to stir up the water within the chamber for enhanced exposure to the UV light. A diverter valve enables diversion of ozone enriched fluid to the pool pump in addition to the UV reactor chamber.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for producing one or more of trioxygen, hydrogen and its ions, oxygen and its ions, hydrons, hydroperoxyls, and electronically modified oxygen derivatives from oxidizing agents that are exposed to photon emissions at a wavelength in a range of 0.01 nm to 845 nm, wherein wavelengths that photo-dissociate trioxygen may be excluded. The methods, systems and apparatuses enhance the effectiveness of photo-oxidation, photocatalytic, and/or photochemical combined with photocatalytic reactions.

A simple, one-step method for producing a homogenous CeO.sub.2—TiO.sub.2 composite thin film using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) of a solution containing triacetatocerium (III) and tetra isopropoxytitanium (IV) on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (“FTO”) substrate at a temperature ranging from about 500 to about 650° C. Methods for using the film produced by this method.

A gas treatment method includes: a process (a) of allowing gas to be treated in which a target substance to be treated is mixed with air to pass through inside a housing, the target substance to be treated exhibiting volatility at room temperature and belonging to at least one substance selected from a group consisting of carbon compounds, nitrogen compounds, and sulfur compounds; a process (b) of introducing ozone into a space through which the gas to be treated flows inside the housing at 200° C. or lower; a process (c) of stirring the gas to be treated after the process (b); and a process (d) of heating the gas to be treated to 300° C. or higher after executing the process (c).