Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst having a structure according to Formula (VI) or Formula (VII). In Formulas (VI) and (VII), X is a halogen, a (C.sub.2-C.sub.30) carboxylate, acetylacetonate, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.30) hydrocarbyl; L.sub.1 is a neutral coordinating ligand; n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryl, a (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted aryloxy, or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)fluorine-substituted alkoxy; and L?L is a bidentate chelating ligand. The catalyst system may also include an aluminum containing agent which includes a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more quaternary salts.

The present invention relates to a novel method of producing a compound of Formula (I) from a compound of formula (II) by a novel cyclisation process, as well as a method of producing an acid adduct of the compound of Formula (I) wherein L represents a leaving group, and R represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched and/or cyclic alkyl group that may contain one or more hetero atoms in the linear, branched and/or cyclic alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched and/or cyclic aralkyl or heteroaromatic alkyl group that may contain one or more hetero atoms in the linear, branched and/or cyclic alkanediyl chain, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl or alkyl heteroaromatic group with at least one linear, branched and/or cyclic alkyl residue that may contain one or more hetero atoms in the linear, branched and/or cyclic alkyl chain.

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In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

Process for increasingly producing D-Lactide and meso lactide by depolymerizing by back biting polylactide (PLA) said process which comprises: (i) Depolymerizing polylactide into its corresponding dimeric cyclic esters by heating the polylactide in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a catalyst and a co-catalyst in a reaction zone at temperature and pressure at which the polylactide is molten; (ii) Forming a vapor product stream from the reaction zone; (iii) Removing the vapor product stream and optionally condense it; (iv) Recovering, either together or separately meso-lactide, D-lactide and L-lactide.

Disclosed herein are compounds of the general Formula (I), and methods of synthesizing a substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane using a Group VII or Group IX transition metal compound.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

A method, including: contacting a carbene or carbyne precatalyst with a first co-catalyst, under reaction conditions sufficient to cause the first-co-catalyst to activate the carbene or carbyne precatalyst, wherein the first co-catalyst is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum activator, a Br.sub.2-1,4-dioxane complex, I.sub.2, PhICl.sub.2, and PCl.sub.5.

Disclosed are nickel-containing complexation precursors having high complexation activity for bidentate phosphite ligands. Also disclosed are methods of making the complexation precursors. The disclosed method of generating the nickel-containing complexation precursor includes including contacting a nickel starting material with a reductant under conditions sufficient to generate a nickel-containing complexation precursor having at least about 1,500 ppmw sulfur in the form of sulfide.

A process for the alkylation of picolinamides with substituted chloroacylals to produce a structure of Formula (III), wherein the reaction is performed in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst and an inorganic halide co-catalyst. ##STR00001##

A catalyst composition, including a titanate of the formula Ti(OR).sub.4 wherein each R is the same or different, and is a hydrocarbon residue; a catalyst additive, wherein the catalyst additive is a dibutyl ether a silicate, a silazane, an aromatic ether, a fluorocarbon, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; and an organic aluminum compound.