One or more aspects of the present disclosure provide optical element transfer structures that include an optical element releasably coupled with a transfer medium and methods of making and using the optical element transfer structures. The optical element transfer structures can be used to dispose an optical element onto an article, whereby the optical element imparts a structural color to the article.

A laminate containing a metallic base layer and a transparent colored layer formed on the metallic base layer, wherein, when

X=[(C*45).sup.2+(C*75).sup.2)].sup.1/2, and

Y=[(L*15).sup.2+(C*15).sup.2)].sup.1/2+[(L*25).sup.2+(C*25).sup.2)].sup.1/2,

X is 64 or more, and Y is 191 or more; and the measured value of graininess (HG value) is 45 or less,
with the proviso that C*15, C*25, C*45, and C*75 represent chroma calculated from spectral reflectances of light illuminated at an incident angle of 45 degrees with respect to the laminate and received at respective angles of 15 degrees, 25 degrees, 45 degrees, and 75 degrees deviated from the specular reflection light, and that L*15 and L*25 represent lightness calculated from spectral reflectances of light illuminated at an incident angle of 45 degrees with respect to the laminate and received at respective angles of 15 degrees and 25 degrees deviated from the specular reflection light.

Components of articles that include an optical element that imparts structural color to the component are provided. Methods of making the components including the optical element, and methods of using the components such as to make an article of manufacture are provided.

One or more aspects of the present disclosure are directed to bladders that incorporate a multi-layer optical film that impart a structural color to the bladder. The present disclosure is also directed to articles including the bladders having a multi-layer optical film, and methods for making articles and bladders having a multi-layer optical film.

As described above, one or more aspects of the present disclosure provide articles having structural color, and methods of making articles having structural color. The articles incorporate a primer layer having a percent transmittance of about 40% or less in conjunction with an optical element. The optical element and primer layer impart a structural color to the article.

One or more aspects of the present disclosure provide optical element transfer structures that include an optical element releasably coupled with a transfer medium and methods of making and using the optical element transfer structures. The optical element transfer structures can be used to dispose an optical element onto an article, whereby the optical element imparts a structural color to the article.

Provided is a new means for enhancing the orientation of a luster pigment in the formation of a multilayer coating film including a coating film containing a scaly luster pigment.

A method for forming a multilayer coating film, comprising: an intermediate coating step of applying an aqueous intermediate coating composition (A) to a surface of an article to be coated to form an uncured aqueous intermediate coating film, a first aqueous base coating step of applying a first aqueous base coating composition (B) onto the uncured aqueous intermediate coating film to form an uncured first aqueous base coating film, a second aqueous base coating step of applying a second aqueous base coating composition (C) containing a scaly luster pigment onto the uncured first aqueous base coating film to form an uncured second aqueous base coating film, a clear coating step of applying a clear coating composition (D) onto the uncured second aqueous base coating film to form an uncured clear coating film, and a curing step of heat curing at once the resulting uncured aqueous intermediate coating film, uncured first aqueous base coating film, uncured second aqueous base coating film, and uncured clear coating film to form a multilayer coating film, wherein the solid concentrations (% by mass) of the uncured first aqueous base coating film and the second aqueous base coating film satisfy specific conditions.

A coating including a relatively thin visible-absorptive layer atop a relatively thick non-absorptive, solar-scattering underlayer. The thin top layer enables efficient absorption of appropriate visible wavelengths to show specific colors, and minimizes absorption in the infrared radiation in sunlight due to its relatively small thickness. Meanwhile, the bottom layer maximizes the backscattering of infrared light without absorption to reduce solar heating.

An apparatus includes a substrate, at least one type of tuning material, and a composite material. The substrate has an interface surface or material that manifests, in response to light in a color spectrum, a particular color and a first thermal load. The particular color is associated with the first thermal load. The at least one type of tuning material manifests, in response to light in the color spectrum, the particular color and a second thermal load. The particular color is associated with the second thermal load. The first thermal load is different from the second thermal load. The composite material includes the interface surface or material and the at least one type of tuning material. The composite material manifests, in response to light in the color spectrum, the particular color and a tuned thermal load which is different than the first thermal load and the second thermal load.

FF properties of a multilayer coating film configured to exhibit a red color through a lustrous layer (14) and a translucent colored layer (15) are improved to achieve a metallic textured color having a high-quality color tone. The lustrous layer (14) is configured such that Y(10) is 50 or more and 950 or less and that Y(25) is 0.05 or more and 0.35 or less times the Y(10), where Y(10) represents a Y value, of an XYZ color system, of reflected light measured at a light receiving angle of 10 and Y(25) represents a Y value of the reflected light measured at the light receiving angle of 25 in a case where a light incident angle is 45. An inclination of a tangent to the spectrum of the spectral transmittance of the colored layer (15) at the wavelength of 620 nm is 0.012 nm.sup.1 or more and 0.03 nm.sup.1 or less, defined as an absolute value.