Molybdenum is alloyed into stainless steel surface by electro-spark deposition technique. Shielding gas is used during electro-spark deposition process to minimize the oxidation of materials. Control of electro-spark voltage, frequency, capacitance, time can determine the alloying depth of Molybdenum. The alloyed surface thickness varies from 5 m to 80 m depending on the electro-spark deposition parameters. The alloyed surface comprises, by weight, 15 to 40% of Molybdenum, 8 to 22% of Cr, 0-15% of other alloy elements and impurities. The molybdenum alloyed stainless steel surface exhibits improvement in micro-hardness, wear resistance, and especially corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solutions. Thus, the present invention would be utilized in marine and handling of brines application, as well as in other applications which better corrosion resistance of stainless steel is desired.

Molybdenum is alloyed into stainless steel surface by electro-spark deposition technique. Shielding gas is used during electro-spark deposition process to minimize the oxidation of materials. Control of electro-spark voltage, frequency, capacitance, time can determine the alloying depth of Molybdenum. The alloyed surface thickness varies from 5 m to 80 m depending on the electro-spark deposition parameters. The alloyed surface comprises, by weight, 15 to 40% of Molybdenum, 8 to 22% of Cr, 0-15% of other alloy elements and impurities. The molybdenum alloyed stainless steel surface exhibits improvement in micro-hardness, wear resistance, and especially corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solutions. Thus, the present invention would be utilized in marine and handling of brines application, as well as in other applications which better corrosion resistance of stainless steel is desired.

A gas-shielded arc welding method includes welding a steel plate having a tensile strength of 780 MPa or more while feeding a consumable electrode via a welding torch and flowing a shielding gas. The consumable electrode includes, in mass %, C: 0 to 0.20%, Si: 0 to 0.50%, Mn: 0 to 0.50%, Cr: 1.00% to 9.00%, S: 0.0020% to 0.0600%, and Ni: 0 to 0.50%. The shielding gas includes, in vol. %, at least one of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2: 1% to 15% in total, with the remainder being Ar and unavoidable impurities. Welding is performed under the condition satisfying the relationship of 1{0.05[CO.sub.2+O.sub.2]}+[Cr]8.3, and [Cr] represents the content of Cr in the consumable electrode, and [CO.sub.2+O.sub.2] represents a total content of at least one of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 in the shielding gas.

A gas-shielded arc welding method includes welding a steel plate having a tensile strength of 780 MPa or more while feeding a consumable electrode via a welding torch and flowing a shielding gas. The consumable electrode includes, in mass %, C: 0 to 0.20%, Si: 0 to 0.50%, Mn: 0 to 0.50%, Cr: 1.00% to 9.00%, S: 0.0020% to 0.0600%, and Ni: 0 to 0.50%. The shielding gas includes, in vol. %, at least one of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2: 1% to 15% in total, with the remainder being Ar and unavoidable impurities. Welding is performed under the condition satisfying the relationship of 1{0.05[CO.sub.2+O.sub.2]}+[Cr]8.3, and [Cr] represents the content of Cr in the consumable electrode, and [CO.sub.2+O.sub.2] represents a total content of at least one of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 in the shielding gas.

A method of manufacturing includes depositing a braze filler adjacent to a void between a first component and a second component thus holding the components in position before brazing. The first and second components are heated to melt and flow the braze filler into the void. A braze joint is formed between the first and second components by cooling the braze filler. Depositing the braze filler can include laser cladding the braze filler to the first and/or second components adjacent the void. The method also optionally includes welding the first and second components in position with the braze filler adjacent to the void. The braze filler may be deposited as a powder, cold spray, melted brazed filament, spherical ball or any other suitable form.

A method of manufacturing includes depositing a braze filler adjacent to a void between a first component and a second component thus holding the components in position before brazing. The first and second components are heated to melt and flow the braze filler into the void. A braze joint is formed between the first and second components by cooling the braze filler. Depositing the braze filler can include laser cladding the braze filler to the first and/or second components adjacent the void. The method also optionally includes welding the first and second components in position with the braze filler adjacent to the void. The braze filler may be deposited as a powder, cold spray, melted brazed filament, spherical ball or any other suitable form.

A domed copper electrode tip has a refractory insert inserted thereinto extending from the apogee of the dome into the interior of the electrode. The refractory insert is, preferably, a tungsten insert which is force-fitted into the interior of the electrode tip.

A domed copper electrode tip has a refractory insert inserted thereinto extending from the apogee of the dome into the interior of the electrode. The refractory insert is, preferably, a tungsten insert which is force-fitted into the interior of the electrode tip.

A ceramic circuit substrate according to the present invention includes a ceramic substrate, a copper circuit made of a copper-based material bonded, via a bonding layer, to a surface of the ceramic, and a copper heat sink made of the copper-based material bonded, via a bonding layer, to the other surface of the ceramic. The bonding layers each include a brazing material component including two or more kinds of metals, such as Ag, and an active metal having a predetermined concentration. The bonding layers each include a brazing material layer including the brazing material component, and an active metal compound layer containing the active metal. A ratio of a bonding area of the active metal compound layer in a bonding area of each of the bonding layers is 88% or more.

The exposed metal tip of the strike end of an SMAW welding electrode is covered with a protective coating formed from a binder and metal particles. Because metal particles rather than graphite particles are used to provide electrical conductivity to this protective coating, flare-up of the arc when initially struck is eliminated substantially completely. In addition, the potential for weld porosity problems is also eliminated, because the metal particles of the inventive electrode do not produce CO.sub.2 as a reaction by-product which can ultimately lead to improper welding technique.