A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

A heating plate includes: a pair of glass plates; a conductive pattern disposed between the pair of glass plates and defining a plurality of opening areas; and a joint layer disposed between the conductive pattern and at least one of the pair of glass plates; wherein the conductive pattern includes a plurality of connection elements that extend between two branch points to define the opening areas; and a rate of the connection elements, which are straight line segments connecting the two branch points, relative to the plurality of connection elements, is less than 20%.

A patterned conductor that includes a metal linear conductor positioned on one placement surface that has a main cut surface orthogonal to its longitudinal direction, a plurality of metal crystal grains. In the main cut surface of thereof, a metal crystal grain(s) having a length h.sub.0 along a normal direction to the placement surface, which length is larger than one third of a height H of the linear conductor along the normal direction to the placement surface. A minimum value of a ratio (h.sub.0/w.sub.0), which is a ratio of the length h.sub.0 of the metal crystal grain(s) along the normal direction to the placement surface with respect to a length w.sub.0 along the placement surface, is not less than 1.2.

A lighting assembly is presented herein. The lighting assembly includes a receptacle terminal having a connection portion defining an aperture configured to receive a corresponding plug terminal along a longitudinal axis and a terminal housing defining an opening and a cavity in which the connection portion is disposed. The connection portion is sized, shaped, and arranged within the cavity to be movable along a lateral axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

A ranging apparatus is provided which is mountable to a vehicle and emits a transmit wave and receives a reflected wave arising from reflection of the transmit signal from an object to calculate a distance to the object. The ranging apparatus includes a light transmissive window, a heater, and a controller. The light transmissive window permits at least one of the transmit wave and the reflected wave to pass through. The heater works to add thermal energy to the light transmissive window. The controller uses an ambient temperature outside the ranging apparatus and a speed of the vehicle derived from a vehicle speed sensor to control energization of the heater. When the vehicle speed sensor is malfunctioning, the controller controls the energization of the heater as a function of the ambient temperature without use of the speed of the vehicle.

The disclosure describes systems and methods for controlling a heating element of a window of a vehicle. The systems and methods include capturing an image of the window with a camera of the vehicle. The image is analyzed to determine a state of the window and the heating element is controlled based on the state of the window.

An image capturing unit captures a periphery of a moving body through a transmitting portion. A heater is capable of heating the transmitting portion. An air-conditioning unit switches an air-conditioning state in the moving body between an inside air circulation state and an outside air introduction state. A control unit controls the heater. The control unit can make the heater operate intermittently, and perform control so that an OFF time of the heater during an intermittent operation will be shorter in the case in which the air-conditioning state is set to the inside air circulation state than the case in which the air-conditioning state is set to the outside air introduction state.

A lighting assembly is presented herein. The lighting assembly includes a receptacle terminal having a connection portion defining an aperture configured to receive a corresponding plug terminal along a longitudinal axis and an attachment portion configured to attach the receptacle terminal to a wire, a terminal housing defining a first oval-shaped opening and an oval-shaped cavity in which the connection portion of the receptacle terminal is disposed, and a terminal housing cover defining a second oval-shaped opening attached to the terminal housing, thereby enclosing the connection portion. The connection portion is sized, shaped, and arranged within the cavity to be movable along a lateral axis that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

A heater control device includes a camera sensor configured to capture an image of an outside of a vehicle through an image capturing transparent region of a window glass, and a camera heater configured to heat the image capturing transparent region. The heater control device is configured to: apply, to a correlation which is set in advance between an outside temperature, a vehicle speed, and energization electric power, and a temperature of the image capturing transparent region corresponding to the outside temperature, the vehicle speed, and the energization electric power, the outside temperature at a current time, the vehicle speed at the current time, and a target temperature equal to or higher than a dew-point temperature, to thereby determine defogging electric power so that the temperature of the image capturing transparent region is prevented from falling below the dew-point temperature.

The present invention relates to a transparent heating device using graphene. To accomplish the aforementioned purpose, the present invention provides a graphene heating device comprising: a transparent substrate; an adhesive layer formed on the transparent substrate; and a graphene layer formed on the adhesive layer, where the graphene layer is heated by a current flowing along the graphene layer. According to one embodiment of the present invention, fogging or icing occurs on the surface of an object that can be removed without deteriorating the light transmittance of the object, which requires the light transmittance.