An apparatus and method for purifying a raw hydrogen gas stream of chloramines and chlorine is provided. The explosive chloramines compounds can be effectively captured by the carbon adsorbent without accumulating on the carbon surface. Rather, the chloramines are converted via decomposition, into non-explosive products with catalytic effect of the carbon material. Chlorine reacts with impregnated reducing agent on the carbon surface to form the solid products, which can be adsorbed on the carbon surface. The purified hydrogen gas contains little to no trace of chloramines and chlorine impurities, thereby making the hydrogen gas suitable for liquid hydrogen production.

Calcium hydroxide-containing compositions can be manufactured by slaking quicklime, and subsequently drying and milling the slaked product. The resulting calcium hydroxide-containing composition can have a size, steepness, pore volume, and/or other features that render the compositions suitable for treatment of exhaust gases and/or removal of contaminants. In some embodiments, the calcium hydroxide-containing compositions can include a D.sub.10 from about 0.5 microns to about 4 microns, a D.sub.90 less than about 30 microns, and a ratio of D.sub.90 to D.sub.10 from about 8 to about 20, wherein individual particles include a surface area greater than or equal to about 25 m.sup.2/g.

A gas chamber supply system includes a gas source configured to fluidly connect to a gas chamber and to supply a gas mixture to the gas chamber, the gas source including: a pre-prepared gas supply including a gas mixture, the gas mixture including a plurality of gas components and lacking a halogen; a recycled gas supply including the gas mixture; and a fluid flow switch connected to the pre-prepared gas supply and to the recycled gas supply. The gas chamber supply also includes a control system configured to: determine if the relative concentration between the gas components within the recycled gas supply is within an acceptable range; and provide a signal to the fluid flow switch to thereby select one of the pre-prepared gas supply and the recycled gas supply to as the gas source based on the determination.

An injection lance assembly for creating a higher degree of turbulence and dispersion of a treating agent into a fluid stream.

A biogas cleaning method for purifying a biogas waste stream to form a combustible clean biofuel uses a biogas cleaning system that includes a gas control system, a deoxidizer catalyst bed, a hydrosulfurization catalyst bed, a hydrogen sulfide adsorption bed and a thermal sensor controller. The biogas cleaning method includes using a biogas source to introduce a biogas waste stream into the biogas cleaning system, blending hydrogen with the biogas waste stream, combusting the blended hydrogen and biogas stream to remove oxygen, hydrogenating the heated biogas waste stream to convert sulfur species to hydrogen sulfide and adsorbing the hydrogen sulfide from the biogas stream. In some embodiments, a biogas cleaning system also includes a sulfur polisher adsorption bed, a chlorine removal adsorption bed, a siloxane removal adsorption bed, a heat exchanger loop and a biogas precooler. Some embodiments of a biogas cleaning method can also include precooling the biogas waste stream, adsorbing siloxanes from the biogas waste stream and adsorbing hydrogen chloride from the biogas stream.

A composition capable of removing chlorides from a gaseous stream and a process of using same. The compositions have sufficient chloride capacity, offer comparable creation of green oil, and have sufficient structural integrity to be utilized as sorbents in a chloride removal process. Generally, the compositions include a first zinc carbonate, a second zinc carbonate different than the first zinc carbonate and an alumina material. The composition has been cured at a temperature between about 149 to 399 C. The first zinc carbonate may comprise hydrozincite and the second zinc carbonate may comprise smithsonite.

A gas laser apparatus may include: a laser chamber connected through a first control valve to a first laser gas supply source that supplies a first laser gas containing a halogen gas; a purification column that removes at least a part of the halogen gas and a halogen compound from at least a part of a gas exhausted from the laser chamber; a booster pump; and a controller that calculates, on a basis of a first amount of a gas supplied from the booster pump to the laser chamber, a second amount of the first laser gas that is to be supplied to the laser chamber and controls the first control valve on a basis of a result of the calculation of the second amount.

Systems and methods for the use of highly reactive hydrated lime (HRH) in circulating dry scrubbers (CDS) to remove sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) from the flue gas.

Calcium hydroxide-containing compositions can be manufactured by slaking quicklime, and subsequently drying and milling the slaked product. The resulting calcium hydroxide-containing composition can have a size, steepness, pore volume, and/or other features that render the compositions suitable for treatment of exhaust gases and/or removal of contaminants. In some embodiments, the calcium hydroxide-containing compositions can include a D.sub.10 from about 0.5 microns to about 4 microns, a D.sub.90 less than about 30 microns, and a ratio of D.sub.90 to D.sub.10 from about 8 to about 20, wherein individual particles include a surface area greater than or equal to about 25 m.sup.2/g.

The present invention provides a new hydrogen chloride removing agent that exhibits a good hydrogen chloride removal effect at a relatively low temperature. The present invention preferably provides a new hydrogen chloride removing agent for removing hydrogen chloride contained in a hydrogen-chloride-containing gas, such as a pyrolysis gas, a combustion exhaust gas, a dry distillation gas, etc., especially hydrogen chloride contained in a biomass pyrolysis gas. The present invention relates to a hydrogen chloride removing agent characterized by containing a mixture of a calcium carbonate and an imogolite and/or a synthetic imogolite, and relates to a method for removing, by using said hydrogen chloride removing agent, hydrogen chloride contained in a hydrogen-chloride-containing gas, especially hydrogen chloride contained in a biomass pyrolysis gas.