A method for the purification of a raw gas stream by selective catalytic oxidation, in which organic and inorganic sulfur compounds, halogenated and non-halogenated volatile organic compounds are selectively oxidized without substantially oxidizing the lower hydrocarbons and the sulfur containing compounds present in the gas to sulfur trioxide and excess of oxygen is removed by oxidation of lower alcohols, ethers or hydrogen added to the raw gas stream upstream the catalytic oxidation.

This application is in the field of technologies for desulfurization and demercaptanization of gaseous hydrocarbons. The device includes a catalytic reactor loaded with a catalyst solution in an organic solvent, a means of withdrawal sulfur solution from the reactor into the sulfur-separating unit, and a sulfur-separating unit. The said device has at least means of supplying gaseous hydrocarbon medium to be purified and oxygen-containing gas into the reactor, and a means of outletting the purified gas from the reactor. The sulfur-separation unit includes a means of sulfur extraction. The reactor design and the catalyst composition provide conversion of at least 99.99% of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans into sulfur and disulfides. The catalyst is composed of mixed-ligand complexes of transition metals. The technical result achieved by use of claimed invention is single-stage purification of gaseous hydrocarbons from hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans with remaining concentration of SH down up to 0.001 ppm.

Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect (or both) inter-plants heating systems synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect (or both) inter-plants heating systems synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect inter-plants heating systems (or both) synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect inter-plants heating systems (or both) synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

This application is in the field of technologies for desulfurization and demercaptanization of gaseous hydrocarbons. The device includes a catalytic reactor loaded with a catalyst solution in an organic solvent, a means of withdrawal sulfur solution from the reactor into the sulfur-separating unit, and a sulfur-separating unit. The said device has at least means of supplying gaseous hydrocarbon medium to be purified and oxygen-containing gas into the reactor, and a means of outletting the purified gas from the reactor. The sulfur-separation unit includes a means of sulfur extraction. The reactor design and the catalyst composition provide conversion of at least 99.99% of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans into sulfur and disulfides. The catalyst is composed of mixed-ligand complexes of transition metals. The technical result achieved by use of claimed invention is single-stage purification of gaseous hydrocarbons from hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans with remaining concentration of SH down up to 0.001 ppm.

The process for configuring or reconfiguring a sulfur removal plant having a plurality of Claus units that is greater than the number of downstream tail gas treating units (TGTUs) allows for the regeneration of one of the Claus units without shutting down any of the downstream TGTUs or the other Claus units. Specifically, the regeneration tail gas can be diverted to the reaction furnace of an in-service Claus unit, thereby allowing excess oxygen to be used to regenerate the Claus unit more efficiently, and without exceeding environmental SO2 emission requirements.

One embodiment of the present invention is a unique fuel cell system. Another embodiment is a unique desulfurization system. Yet another embodiment is a method of operating a fuel cell system. Other embodiments include apparatuses, systems, devices, hardware, methods, and combinations for fuel cell systems and desulfurization systems. Further embodiments, forms, features, aspects, benefits, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and figures provided herewith.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of removing heteroatoms from a fluid by associating the fluid with one or more adsorbents, where the association results in the removal of the heteroatoms from the fluid. The association may occur by associating the fluid with a single adsorbent or a plurality of adsorbents in a sequential manner that maximizes heteroatom removal efficacy. The methods may be utilized to remove heteroatom-containing compounds from various fluids, such as fuels, hydrocarbons, alcohols, water, organic solvents, and combinations thereof. The one or more adsorbents may include, without limitation, activated carbon, zeolites, ion exchanged zeolites, ion impregnated zeolites, alumina, alumina nanowires, carbon-based supports, and combinations thereof. The methods of the present disclosure can be utilized to reduce heteroatoms in the fluid by more than about 50%, by more than about 80%, or by more than about 99%.

This application is in the field of technologies for desulfurization and demercaptanization of raw gaseous hydrocarbons (including natural gas, tail gas, technological gas, etc, including gaseous media). It can be used for simultaneous dehydration and desulfurization/demercaptanization of any kind of raw gaseous hydrocarbons.

Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect inter-plants heating systems (or both) synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect inter-plants heating systems (or both) synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.