Apparatus for plasma synthesis of graphitic products including graphene, comprising: a plasma nozzle coupled to a reaction chamber; means for supplying a process gas to the plasma nozzle, the process gas comprising a carbon-containing species; and means for supplying radio frequency radiation to the process gas within the plasma nozzle, so as to produce a plasma within the nozzle in use, and thereby cause cracking of the carbon-containing species; wherein the plasma nozzle is arranged such that an afterglow of the plasma extends into the reaction chamber, the cracked carbon-containing species also passes into the reaction chamber, and the cracked carbon-containing species recombines within the afterglow, so as to form graphitic products including graphene. A method of plasma-synthesising graphitic products including graphene is also provided.

One or more first precursors can be provided on a substrate. The substrate with the one or more first precursors thereon can be subjected to multiple first heating cycles. Each first heating cycle can include a first temperature pulse applied to the substrate for a first duration and a first cooling period following the first temperature pulse. Each first temperature pulse can apply a temperature between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive. Each first duration can be between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive.

A pyrolysis method and a pyrolysis reactor for thermal decomposition of polymer waste materials, particularly rubber and plastics waste materials, using a fast pyrolysis process, are disclosed. The waste material is delivered to a pyrolytic chamber, and is heated to a decomposition temperature of the waste material by microwave radiation.

The present invention relates to the reduction of materials at low temperatures (<600 C.) by means of microwave radiation without needing to use chemical reducing agents or electrical contacts. It relates more specifically to a method for reducing a material, which comprises the following steps: applying microwave radiation to a material disposed in a microwave application cavity; and separating simultaneously the fluid oxidation products generated from the reduced material,
such that the method is carried out without chemical reducing agents or electrical contacts.

A polymerization reactor for production of a super absorbent polymer according to the present disclosure includes: a composition supply part for supplying a monomer composition solution; a central pipe connected to the composition supply part; a composition distribution part including a water storage tank located at a discharge port of the central pipe; a distribution pipe connected to the water storage tank; and an ultrasonic device installed inside the water storage tank, a conveyor belt located under the composition distribution part and on which the composition solution is dropped, and an energy supply part for supplying polymerization energy to the composition solution on the conveyor belt, wherein the ultrasonic device supplies bubbles to the composition solution flowing into the water storage tank.

A microwave-assisted catalytic amidation of amines with acids using a combination of a catalyst and an additive in the presence of a bio-renewable green organic solvent.

An apparatus for depolymerization of polymers, in particular polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and polycarbonates, comprises a microwave depolymerization reactor having a reaction chamber; a microwave generation and transport system to send microwaves into the reaction chamber and comprising a microwave generator and a guide device housed in the reaction chamber to convey and distribute microwaves in the reaction chamber; a mixing device, rotating around the axis in the reaction chamber and configured so as to dynamically distribute inside the reaction chamber a mixture of liquids and solids contained in the reaction chamber; and a pressurization system configured to vary the pressure within the reaction chamber.

A livestock food product that includes at least one or more plant-based agricultural feeds containing at least one or more plant residues of at least one or more noxious and/or invasive plants. The one or more residues containing no more than 10% of the naturally occurring amount, by weight, of at least one noxious compound that was present in the one or more noxious and/or invasive plants, the naturally occurring amount being the amount of the at least one noxious compound that was present in the noxious and/or original plants while they were alive. The one or more noxious and/or invasive plants including at least one of hemp, tumbleweed, sagebrush, or cheat grass. These plants fibers contain valuable nutrients and flourish under semiarid conditions in abundance. Proper harvesting techniques, bioprocessing can make these plant valuable resources available to mankind environmentally and economically.

A variety of microwave-based plasma reactors are presented which are intended for operation at high pressures, from 0.1 to 10 bar, and a high flow rate. Further, reactors can operate without the presence of a dielectric material, which can degrade in time requiring replacement and causing downtime for the unit. Applications for these devices include heating, reforming, and pyrolyzing the reactants.

Apparatus for treating materials with plasma, comprising a microwave generator (15), a waveguide (20) and a tubular torch (30), comprising three coaxial tubes (33, 35, 37) and a central section (30.2) connected to the waveguide (20) by means of a body (50) having a cavity (52) through which the tubes pass. A plasma containment chamber is defined in the outer tube (35) at the cavity (52) of the body (50).