The invention provides a reactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein: the reactor (30) is a tubular reactor (130), and wherein the reactor wall (35) defines the tubular reactor (130); the tubular reactor (130) is configured in a tubular arrangement (1130); the reactor assembly (1) further comprises a reactor support element (40), wherein the reactor support element (40) comprises a track (42), wherein the track (42) partly encloses the tubular reactor (130), wherein the reactor support element (40) comprises a thermally conductive element (2), and wherein the tubular reactor (130) is configured in thermal contact with the thermally conductive element (2).

A reactor includes a first outer tube configured to contain a working fluid, and a first inner tube disposed in the first outer tube. The first inner tube is configured to contain a source of heat to transfer or absorb heat to or from the working fluid. The reactor further includes a second inner tube in the first outer tube. The second inner tube is wound around the first inner tube in a helical fashion, and the second inner tube is configured absorbs heat from and/or dissipates heat to the working fluid, and/or facilitate a reaction in a reactant contained in the second inner tube.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

The present invention relates to near-infrared quantum emitters, and in particular carbon nanostructures with chemically incorporated fluorescent defects, and methods of synthesizing near-infrared emitting nanostructures.

A microsphere cavity that forms a whispering gallery mode is used. By vibrationally coupling a whispering gallery mode being one of kinds of an optical mode to a vibrational mode of water or a liquid other than water, ultra strong coupling water or a liquid in a vibrational coupling state is generated. A first example is to acquire aerosol in which water itself or a liquid itself other than water constitutes a micro-water sphere cavity or a micro-liquid sphere cavity (50) and is a dispersoid. A second example is to acquire colloid or emulsion in which a micro-dielectric sphere cavity (53) is a dispersoid and water or a liquid other than water is a dispersion medium.

Disclosed herein is a method for converting light energy into mechanical energy and/or oxygen storage, purification, isolation, concentration, and/or removed. The method may comprise exposing a mixture of a polycyclic aromatic compound and a photosensitizer to oxygen and light to form an endoperoxide, and decomposing the endoperoxide to reform the polycyclic aromatic compound and oxygen. The polycyclic aromatic compound may be a naphthalene compound or anthracene compound and/or may have a formula

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Dye-sensitized ion-pumping membranes and methods of preparing said membranes are described herein. A regenerative and reversible photoactive dye is covalently-bonded to membrane or separator for ion-pumping. The photoactive dye-functionalized membranes can be arranged with other ion-exchange membranes, which serve as selective contacts to afford photovoltaic action and therefore form a power-producing membrane that pumps ions for use in driving an ion-exchange or ion-transport process, such as desalination and electrodialysis.

The present disclosure discloses a device for producing hydrogen through photothermal coupling of solar energy based on a frequency division technology, including a photothermal coupling reactor and a liquid storage tank and so on; during operation, a test sample containing a photothermal catalyst is placed in the photothermal coupling reactor, a light source is divided into an infrared light part and an ultravioiet light part through the solid-state frequency divider, energy of the infrared light part is finally transferred to the photothermal coupling reactor, and the ultraviolet light part is projected onto the photothermal catalyst. The present disclosure is used for an experiment for producing hydrogen through photothermal coupling of catalyst particles, and has advantages of environmental protection, high efficiency, simple and convenient operation and the like.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

A method for producing a bulk material consisting substantially of foamed or blown mineral or oxide particles by thermal treatment of a bulk material of basic particles, characterized in that the thermal treatment includes transport of a transversely conveyed or horizontal layer or of a free flow of the bulk material through a radiation field, the substantial active component of which lies in the near infrared range (NIR), and which has a power density of at least 50 kW/m2.