An oxygen scavenger composition including a mixed granule that includes a water retention agent, a swelling agent, a metal salt, water, and iron, as well as a method for producing the oxygen scavenger composition, the method including: collectively mixing a water retention agent, a swelling agent, a metal salt, water, and iron for granulation.

A system containing a reactor vessel including zero valent iron media, a source of a conditioning additive, a source of a reaction additive, and a process control subsystem is disclosed. A method for reducing a concentration of one or more contaminants in contaminated water including contacting zero valent iron media with a conditioning additive, contacting contaminated water with conditioned zero valent iron media, and introducing a reaction additive is also disclosed. The conditioning additive and reaction additive may each contain an aluminum salt.

Calcium silicate hydrate nanoparticles are combined with ammonia control materials (e.g. alum, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, and/or sodium bisulfate) to create a phosphorus-binding composition. In the preferred embodiment, the composition is applied to poultry litter, poultry bedding or other non-aqueous substrates that are at least partially comprised of animal manure. The composition binds with phosphorus to at least reduce the amount of phosphorus in runoff water or in leachate from fields fertilized with treated manure. The combining of the calcium silicate hydrate nanoparticles with the ammonia control products has a surprising and unexpected result. The calcium silicate hydrate-ammonia control material mix reduces soluble phosphorus more than either component of the mix alone.

Embodiments discloses herein relate to methods of processing coal. A method to process coal includes subjecting raw coal to a liquefaction process effective to form a liquid pitch resin and subjecting the liquid pitch resin to a filtration process. The method further includes subjecting the liquid pitch resin to a low crystallinity spinning process to form a raw fiber. The raw fiber is then further subjected to a stabilization process configured to oxygen cross-link the fiber to form a stabilized fiber and then subjecting the stabilized fiber to a carbonization process to form a low thermal conductivity carbon fiber.

The invention is both a product and a method for the safe, harmless and effective remediation of oil spills on water and on land. The oil can then be successfully recovered from the product for use. The invention also allows for the reuse of two waste products—post consumer plastics and coal combustion product—into a material that is used for the clean-up of oil spills and for site remediation. Furthermore, the used product can be reprocessed post use into more usable product.

Methods of sulfurizing metal containing particles in the absence of hydrogen are described. One method includes contacting a bed of metal containing particles with a gaseous stream comprising hydrogen sulfide and inert gas under reaction conditions sufficient to produce sulfided metal containing particles. The gaseous stream is introduced into a vertical reactor at an inlet positioned at the bottom portion of the reactor and any unreacted hydrogen sulfide and inert gas is removed at an outlet positioned above the inlet. The sulfided metal containing particles can be removed from the reactor and stored.

Provided herein is a cesium adsorbent including: a support modified to have a carboxyl group on a surface thereof; and Prussian blue synthesized on the surface of the modified support, wherein the Prussian blue is at least partially chemically bound with the surface of the support. The cesium adsorbent may effectively adsorb cesium, which is a radioactive element released into the water and may be easily prepared using a simple solution process.

A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen including ascorbic acid, an organic acid, a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide and a soluble transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states.

The invention relates to a composition for mineralising carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases, which comprises a mixture of magnesium (between 1 and 25%), iron (between 1 and 23%), calcium monoxide (between 1 and 25%), titanium dioxide (between 0.1 and 11%) and silicon dioxide (between 16 and 75%), with a particle diameter between 100 nm and 4000 μm. The composition causes the mineralisation of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and of the gaseous chemical compounds known as “nitrogen oxides” (NO.sub.x) in the atmosphere. This composition can be added or mixed as an additive in paints, dyes, resins and elastic polymers (gum and natural rubber) in parts with wear, and for any type of covering.

An oxygen scavenger composition contains a mixed granule of a composition containing a water retention agent, a swelling agent, a metal halide, water, an iron and an alkaline substance, wherein the alkaline substance contains at least one selected from the group consisting of hydroxides of alkali metals, hydroxides of alkaline earth metals and salts composed of a weak acid and a strong base.