A structure in which a plurality of particles each containing a hydrogen absorption metal element are arranged in a fixed member such that the plurality of particles are apart from each other. An entire surface of each of the plurality of particles is surrounded by the fixed member.

A process for removing hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) from a H.sub.2S-containing gas composition includes charging a liquid to a reactor under continuous agitation and dispersing particles of a CuMgAl compound in the liquid to form a CuMgAl complex mixture. The CuMgAl compound includes CuMgAl layered triple hydroxides and CuMgAl layered triple oxides. The method further includes introducing the H.sub.2S-containing gas composition to the reactor containing the CuMgAl complex mixture under continuous agitation and passing the H.sub.2S-containing gas composition through the CuMgAl complex mixture. In addition, the method includes adsorbing and removing H.sub.2S from the gas composition by the CuMgAl complex mixture to form a purified gas composition.

Wet impregnation of active metal precursors into porous substrates, together with selective adsorption of the precursors on the pore surfaces, enables transition metal oxides derived from the precursors to disperse throughout the substrate, even at the nanoscale, without increased sintering or agglomeration, thereby forming oxygen carriers suitable for chemical looping. The porous substrate can be an oxide, for example SiO.sub.2. The oxygen carriers can comprise relatively large oxide loadings of over about 20 wt % and exhibit high reactivity over many regeneration cycles with substantially no loss in oxygen transport capacity or decrease in kinetics. The use of multiple transition metal oxides, for example NiO in addition to CuO, can greatly enhance chemical looping performance.

Carbonaceous material that is activated to form precursor activated carbon is further enhanced by doping with copper and nitrogen and calcining. The resultant sorbent material has excellent catalytic properties which are useful in the field of fluid purification.

A system and method for cleaning, conditioning, and/or rejuvenating carbon-based sorbents is disclosed where a chemical cleaning process is used to separate contaminants from the sorbent. The contaminants can be disposed of or recycled for industrial uses. The cleaned and/or rejuvenated carbon-based sorbent is recycled back into a reverse venturi shaped fluidized bed apparatus for later use. Spent carbon-based sorbent can be routed for appropriate disposal. The carbon-based sorbents include, but are not limited to, activated carbon sorbent and biochar sorbent. Optionally, the sorbents can be processed through the system prior to exposure to contaminated emissions to enhance and increase the porosity of the outer surface of the sorbents.

An emissions control system including a fluidized bed apparatus containing a reactive sorbent material is disclosed for gaseous and non-gaseous contaminated emissions. The reactive sorbent material may be CZTS, CZTS-Alloy, or a carbon-based sorbent material. The fluidized bed apparatus is configured with one or more closed loop sorbent recycling subsystems. The sorbent recycling subsystems include the capability to separate sorbents from each other, separate contaminates from sorbents for disposal and/or recycling, clean and/or rejuvenate sorbents for return to the fluidized bed apparatus, dispose of spent and exhausted sorbents, and replace the spent and exhausted sorbents with new sorbent to maintain consistent sorbent function in the fluidized bed apparatus. Monitoring sensors provide information useful in a method for establishing and maintaining consistent process parameter controls.

The present invention provides a method for performing a purification treatment on a harmful substance-containing liquid, the method enabling an efficient purification treatment of a harmful substance-containing liquid by using dissolved ozone being an oxidizing agent with high level of safety, and a harmful substance-containing liquid purification treatment apparatus for carrying out the method. A method for performing a purification treatment on a harmful substance-containing liquid, the method comprising adding and mixing dissolved ozone into a harmful substance-containing liquid containing a harmful substance, thereafter bringing the harmful substance-containing liquid into contact with a transition metal-containing oxide having a BET specific surface area of 80 m.sup.2/g or more, adsorbing ozone, and adsorbing a harmful substance, and then allowing the harmful substance-containing liquid to flow to accelerate oxidation of the harmful substance by dissolved ozone, thereby performing a highly efficient oxidative decomposition, and a harmful substance-containing liquid purification treatment apparatus for carrying out the method.

A material for moisture removal and/or water harvesting from air may include a hydrophilic material containing micropores and a low water activity material confined within the micropores of the hydrophilic material. Apparatuses containing such materials and methods for moisture removal and/or water harvesting from air by using such materials are also described.

Copper adsorbents which are resistant to the reduction by the components of the synthesis gas at normal operation conditions. The adsorbents are produced by admixing small amounts of an inorganic halide, such as NaCl, to the basic copper carbonate precursor followed by calcination at a temperature sufficient to decompose the carbonate. The introduction of the halide can be also achieved during the forming stage of adsorbent preparation. These reduction resistant copper oxides can be in the form of composites with alumina and are especially useful for purification of synthesis gas and the removal of mercury, arsine, phosphine, as well as hydrogen sulfide.

A separation membrane structure comprises a porous support, a first separation membrane formed on the porous support, and a second separation membrane formed on the first separation membrane. The first separation membrane has an average pore diameter of greater than or equal to 0.32 nm and less than or equal to 0.44 nm. The second separation membrane includes addition of at least one of a metal cation or a metal complex that tends to adsorb nitrogen in comparison to methane.