Dry processes, apparatus, compositions and systems are provided for reducing emissions of sulfur oxides, and sulfur dioxide in particular, and/or HCl and/or Hg in a process employing a combination of a lime-based sorbent, in particular hydrated lime and/or dolomitic hydrated lime, and a sorbent doping agent administered to achieve coverage of a three-dimensional cross section of a passage carrying SO.sub.x and/or HCl and/or Hg-containing gases with a short but effective residence time at a temperature effective to provide significant sulfur dioxide and/or HCl and/or Hg reductions with high rates of reaction and sorbent utilization. The once-through, dry process can advantageously introduce the sorbent and sorbent doping agent dry or preferably as a slurry to enable uniform treatment. Preferred sorbent doping agents include water-soluble or water-dispersible copper and/or iron compositions which can be heated to an active form in situ by the flue gases being treated.

A diatomite product and method of using such is disclosed. The diatomite product may comprise sodium flux-calcined diatomite, wherein the diatomite product has a crystalline silica content of less than about 1 wt %, and the diatomite product has a permeability between 0.8 darcy and about 30 darcy. In some embodiments, the diatomite product may be in particulate or powdered form. This disclosure also concerns flux-calcined silica products containing low or non-detectable levels of crystalline silica. Some of these products can be further characterized by high permeabilities and a measurable content of opal-C, a hydrated form of silicon dioxide.

A material for moisture removal and/or water harvesting from air may include a hydrophilic material containing micropores and a low water activity material confined within the micropores of the hydrophilic material. Apparatuses containing such materials and methods for moisture removal and/or water harvesting from air by using such materials are also described.

Calcium silicate hydrate nanoparticles are combined with ammonia control materials (e.g. alum, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, and/or sodium bisulfate) to create a phosphorus-binding composition. In the preferred embodiment, the composition is applied to poultry litter, poultry bedding or other non-aqueous substrates that are at least partially comprised of animal manure. The composition binds with phosphorus to at least reduce the amount of phosphorus in runoff water or in leachate from fields fertilized with treated manure. The combining of the calcium silicate hydrate nanoparticles with the ammonia control products has a surprising and unexpected result. The calcium silicate hydrate-ammonia control material mix reduces soluble phosphorus more than either component of the mix alone.

A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen including ascorbic acid, an organic acid, a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide and a soluble transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states.

An activated carbon sorbent composition comprising activated carbon and a passivation agent, wherein the activated carbon sorbent composition exhibits reduced self-heating or auto-ignition properties as compared to the activated carbon. The activated carbon sorbent composition may be utilized to sequester contaminants such as mercury from a flue gas stream. The passivation agent includes a sulfur species, and may be a sulfur oxide compound, a sulfide compound, or an organic sulfur compound. Methods for the manufacture of the activated carbon sorbent composition and for the sequestration of contaminants in a flue gas stream using the composition are also disclosed.

An adsorbent consisting of iron oxyhydroxide, having a high adsorption rate and high adsorption efficiency compared with conventional products. The adsorbent particle is an adsorbent particle having a crystal structure of β-iron oxyhydroxide, having an average crystallite diameter of 10 nm or less as measured by X-ray diffraction, wherein 90% or more of volume of adsorbent particle is constituted of granular crystals having crystal particle diameter of 20 nm or less, or columnar crystals having width of 10 nm or less and length of 30 nm or less. The adsorbent particle have at least either of the following characteristics: (A) the adsorbent particle contains metal element other than iron in amount of 0.1 to 20% by mass with respect to iron element, or (B) the adsorbent particle contains sulfur oxoacid ions in an amount of 0.01 to 20% by mass in terms of sulfur element with respect to iron element.

An example method of removing hydrogen sulfide from an input gas includes exposing an adsorbent material to an input gas to obtain an output gas. A concentration of hydrogen sulfide of the output gas is less than a concentration of hydrogen sulfide of the input gas. The adsorbent material includes copper oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide. An atomic ratio of copper to magnesium to aluminum of the adsorbent material is X:Y:Z, where X is greater than or equal to 0.6 and less than or equal to 0.9, where Y is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.2, where Z is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.2, and where X+Y+Z is equal to 1.

Apparatuses and methods for extracting desired chemical species including, without limitation, lithium, specific lithium species, and/or other chemical compounds from input flows in a modular unit. The input flows may be raw materials in which lithium metal and/or lithium species are dissolved and/or extracted. The apparatuses and methods may include daisy chain flow through separate tanks, a column array, and combinations thereof.

An article for removing undesired chemical ions or compounds from gas and fluid streams where the article is a porous polymeric matrix with a sorption particle, the sorption particle is capable of removing the undesired chemical ion or compound.