An adsorbent system includes a passage and first and second adsorbents arranged in series in the passage. The first adsorbent includes granules of non-impregnated charcoal and the second adsorbent includes granules of acid- or metal salt-impregnated adsorbent. The granules of acid- or metal salt-impregnated adsorbent have, by weight, at least 20% acid or metal salt content.

Apparatus and methods which can remove, for example, mercury (Hg) from industrial flue gases. An exemplary sorbent polymer composite (SPC) can include a polymer, a sorbent which has a microstructure, and a transition metal halide in the microstructure. The transition metal halide can include silver (Ag), iodine (I), or both (AgI). A method for producing the SPC can include applying a non-halide salt of a transition metal to a sorbent, applying a non-transition metal halide to the sorbent, so as to react the non-transition metal halide with the non-halide salt of the transition metal, thereby forming a transition metal halide within the microstructure of the sorbent.

Biogenic activated carbon compositions disclosed herein comprise at least 55 wt % carbon, some of which may be present as graphene, and have high surface areas, such as Iodine Numbers of greater than 2000. Some embodiments provide biogenic activated carbon that is responsive to a magnetic field. A continuous process for producing biogenic activated carbon comprises countercurrently contacting, by mechanical means, a feedstock with a vapor stream comprising an activation agent including water and/or carbon dioxide; removing vapor from the reaction zone; recycling at least some of the separated vapor stream, or a thermally treated form thereof, to an inlet of the reaction zone(s) and/or to the feedstock; and recovering solids from the reaction zone(s) as biogenic activated carbon. Methods of using the biogenic activated carbon are disclosed.

Described herein is a filtration medium comprising a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a thermolysis product of (i) a carbon substrate having a surface of CO.sub.xE.sub.y, wherein E is selected from at least one of S, Se, and Te; and wherein x and y are greater than 0; and (ii) a metal salt; and methods of removing chloramine from aqueous solutions.

An active catalyst for ammonia synthesis is integrated with a specialty sorbent in a composition or composite, such that the catalyst portion and the sorbent portion are in direct intimate contact, which overcomes the thermodynamic limits for conversion. The sorbent may comprise a metal halide absorbent, zeolite adsorbent, other material absorbents or adsorbents, to capture ammonia as it is produced in intimate or near molecular contact with the catalyst, wherein the composition/composite may be provided in the form of a granular or pellet structure. By removing ammonia essentially as it forms, the forward reaction for producing ammonia can continue nearly unabated such that high net conversion can be achieved in a single pass or cumulative within segmented reactors as operated in series.

Promoted ammonium salt-protected activated carbon sorbent particles for removal of mercury from gas streams. A method of separating mercury from a mercury-containing gas stream includes contacting a mercury-containing gas stream with an activated carbon sorbent including promoted ammonium salt-protected activated carbon sorbent particles, to form a mercury-sorbent composition. The method also includes separating at least some of the mercury-sorbent composition from the mercury-containing gas stream, to give a separated gas.

Methods and systems for reducing mercury emissions from fluid streams are provided herein, as are adsorbent materials having high volumetric iodine numbers.

The present disclosure describes sorbent material products for the removal of mercury and other toxic gases. These sorbent material products may include a halide, copper, and molybdenum. Methods of preparing the sorbent material products disclosed herein and methods of removing mercury from a fluid stream using the same are also provided.

An active catalyst for ammonia synthesis is integrated with a specialty sorbent in a composition or composite, such that the catalyst portion and the sorbent portion are in direct intimate contact, which overcomes the thermodynamic limits for conversion. The sorbent may comprise a metal halide absorbent, zeolite adsorbent, other material absorbents or adsorbents, to capture ammonia as it is produced in intimate or near molecular contact with the catalyst, wherein the composition/composite may be provided in the form of a granular or pellet structure. By removing ammonia essentially as it forms, the forward reaction for producing ammonia can continue nearly unabated such that high net conversion can be achieved in a single pass or cumulative within segmented reactors as operated in series.

This invention provides processes for reducing the environmental availability of one or more environmental pollutants in solids, liquids, and combinations of solids and liquids.