A high-throughput hybridization and reading method for biochips uses probes with different marks to specifically connect single nucleotide loci by conducting connection between the probes and target genes at different temperatures, and performing hybridization at the same temperature after the probes are connected, thereby achieving hybridization detection for various loci in a single chip. The method enables fast detection for multiple loci as required by personalized medicine. The detection is high-throughput and systematized and provides highly visualized and highly accurate results. The method allows detection for different loci at different hybridization temperatures to be done simultaneously. The method features highly uniform and repeatable detection, making biochips more efficient and utility in terms of detection. Besides, the chip is easy to prepare and use, thus having a good promotional value.

Nucleic acid memory strands encoding digital data using a sequence of homopolymer tracts of repeated nucleotides provides a cheaper and faster alternative to conventional digital DNA storage techniques. The use of homopolymer tracts allows for lower fidelity, high throughput sequencing techniques such as nanopore sequencing to read data encoded in the memory strands. Specialized synthesis techniques allow for synthesis of long memory strands capable of encoding large volumes of data despite the reduced data density afforded by homopolymer tracts as compared to conventional single nucleotide sequences.

A method of synthesizing an oligonucleotide using a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of electrodes, and an electrolyte solution, includes coupling a primer to an inner wall of a nanopore channel of the plurality of nanopore channels, the primer having a protecting group. The method also includes applying a voltage to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes that corresponds to the nanopore channel to produce an acid from the electrolyte solution at the electrode. The electrode includes an anode and a cathode disposed at opposite sides of the nanopore channel. The method further includes the acid removing the protecting group from the primer. Moreover, the method includes coupling a nucleotide to the primer with the protecting group removed to form an intermediate product. In addition, the method includes repeating the steps on the intermediate product until the oligonucleotide is synthesized.

A data storage medium is disclosed comprising a two-dimensional (2D) support structure onto which artificially synthesized DNA molecules encoding digital information are placed and then covered with a protective layer. The 2D support structure is formed from a material such as metal foil, glass, or plastic. The 2D support structure may be functionalized with positively charged molecules to improve DNA adhesion. The DNA is protected from degradation by encapsulation in a protective layer of a non-reactive material such as silica or a thin layer of metal. A process for storing DNA on 2D support structures is also disclosed. Correlation of specific DNA molecules with a physical storage location on a 2D support structure provides geometric addressability for selective access to specific digital information.

De novo synthesized large libraries of nucleic acids are provided herein with low error rates. Further, devices for the manufacturing of high-quality building blocks, such as oligonucleotides, are described herein. Longer nucleic acids can be synthesized in parallel using microfluidic assemblies. Further, methods herein allow for the fast construction of large libraries of long, high-quality genes. Devices for the manufacturing of large libraries of long and high-quality nucleic acids are further described herein.

Disclosed herein is a substrate which includes a functional group protected with a photolabile group covalently attached to the substrate and a film of solvent thereof covering the substrate, where the thickness of the film is less than about 100 μm. Also disclosed herein are methods of preparing such substrates. Further disclosed are methods of synthesizing polymers, methods of synthesizing arrays of polymers and methods of removing photolabile protecting groups. These methods all employ covering the substrate with a thin film of solvent where the thickness of the film is less than 100 μm.

The invention is directed to methods and apparatus for parallel enzymatic synthesis of polynucleotides in an array of reaction chambers using a tem-plate-free polymerase that has sequence-dependent coupling efficiencies. Whenever sequences causing low efficiency coupling occur at a 3′ end of a growing chain of a polynucleotide being synthesized, one or more additional coupling cy-cies without de-protection steps are inserted into synthesis plans to provide additional time for completing the coupling reaction at that position of the polynucleotide.

Provided herein is a method for manufacturing a microarray system, for example, 3-dimensional lattice microarray system, for DNA sequence detection and analysis. A solid support, such as a plastic substrate, is contacted with a formulation containing a plurality of nucleic acid probes, a plurality of bifunctional polymer linkers, such as oligothymidine linkers, and a solvent mixture of water and a water-miscible liquid. The bifunctional polymer linkers are attached to the solid support and the water is evaporated. Then the nucleic acid probes are attached to the bifunctional polymer linker.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a plurality of compositions each comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with an oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifier for the protein binding reagent it is conjugated with, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specifically binding to a protein target. Further disclosed are methods and kits for quantitative analysis of a plurality of protein targets in a sample and for simultaneous quantitative analysis of protein and nucleic acid targets in a sample. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for preparing a labeled biomolecule reagent, including a labeled biomolecule agent comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with an oligonucleotide.

Provided herein are automated apparatus and methods for the identification of microorganisms in various samples. The disclosure solves existing challenges encountered in identifying and distinguishing various types of microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria in a timely, efficient, and automated manner by library preparation and sequencing.